As the debate about a future global development agenda to succeed the Millennium Development Goals in 2015 gathers pace， there is broad agreement that gender equality and women’s empowerment are crucial components. A growing body of robust evidence shows that countries that have achieved greater gender equality in employment and education also report higher rates of human development and economic growth. Women’s empowerment is also increasingly seen as central to reducing poverty and creating better public health outcomes.

Many proponents of gender equality seek to pursue this goal by promoting women’s access to work and entrepreneurship opportunities， and increasing women’s political participation. All too often， however， these initiatives overlook a fundamental structural cause of gender inequality -- women’s overwhelming responsibility for unpaid care work in homes and communities all over the world.

Unpaid care work is the cooking， cleaning and direct care of persons that keeps our societies and workforces running； in many developing countries it includes fetching water and fuel for domestic consumption. The time demands are enormous. In sub-Saharan Africa， for example， women and girls spend 40 billion hours a year collecting water， equivalent to a year’s worth of labour by the entire workforce in France. Women’s disproportionate responsibility for unpaid care work， and the persistent and powerful gender stereotypes that underpin this unequal distribution， represent a significant obstacle to achieving gender equality and women’s rights. Such rights include the right to decent work， the right to education， the right to health and the right to participate in public life.

Unpaid care work is a major obstacle to women taking on paid employment or starting an income-generating activity outside the home. For example， a study in Latin America and the Caribbean showed that over half of the women aged between 20 to 24 years of age， do not seek work outside the home because they are performing unpaid care work. Moreover， women’s participation in paid work is not in and of itself empowering if women are still bearing primary responsibility for work in the home – in effect working a ‘second shift’ after their paid workday ends.

Further， unpaid care work restricts women’s opportunities for professional advancement， limits their pay level and increases the likelihood of women ending up in informal and insecure work. At the same time， the gender stereotypes that put the burden of care on women also negatively impact men， who experience social pressure to be ‘the breadwinner’， providing for their family financially rather than by caring for them more directly.

Girls’ right to education is also at stake. In the most extreme cases， girls are pulled out of school to help with housework and to care for younger children and other family members. More often， girls’ chances of achieving equal education are constrained because their domestic responsibilities leave them less time than boys for studying， networking or extra-curricular activities. Without equal educational opportunities， women and girls are even less able to access well-paid， decent jobs that could enable them to escape poverty.

Ultimately， the unequal distribution of unpaid care work undermines poverty eradication efforts. Poor women cannot afford outside help or time-saving technologies such as grain-grinders and fuel-efficient stoves， and they often cannot rely on decent infrastructure such as piped water or electricity. Their unpaid care work is therefore particularly intense and difficult. Time poverty also affects women’s political and social empowerment -- how can women be expected to attend community meetings or leadership training if there is no one else to care for their children or for sick and frail family members at home？

Care is a positive and irreplaceable social good， the backbone of all societies. Giving care can bring great rewards， fulfilment and satisfaction. Yet for millions of women around the world， poverty is their only reward for a lifetime of caregiving.

Unpaid care is the missing piece in debates about empowerment， women’s rights and equality. Without concerted action to recognize， support and share unpaid care work， women living in poverty will be unable to enjoy their human rights and benefit equally from development. We must acknowledge that the costs of providing care are unequally borne， and that this distribution is far from benign， natural or inevitable.

Progress in this area requires long-term cultural change. However， development policy can make a major contribution by recognizing care as a social and collective responsibility and as an important human rights issue that is crucial for poverty reduction globally. States and development partners can take concrete action to reduce and redistribute women’s care work by improving public services and infrastructure in disadvantaged areas， investing in affordable domestic technologies， and providing child benefits and childcare as well as incentives for men to provide more care.

It is time we stopped looking away from the women in the kitchen， by the bedside， and at the water well， and instead make the recognition， reduction and redistribution of unpaid care work central to our efforts to achieve equitable and sustainable development. The formulation of the new post-2015 development agenda is a good place to start.

http：//www.unwomen.org/～/link.aspx？_id=084B6E6889654049A808357FCA9B6BAD_z=z

隨著有關(guān)2015年千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)進(jìn)程的討論持續(xù)升溫，性別平等和女性賦權(quán)成為重要話題。各國(guó)經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，實(shí)現(xiàn)就業(yè)和教育方面的性別平等離不開人權(quán)發(fā)展和經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，同時(shí)不能忽視女性無(wú)償照料家庭生活的責(zé)任。這種家庭責(zé)任是阻礙女性走出家門，進(jìn)入職場(chǎng)，成為工薪階層的主要阻力。家庭責(zé)任限制女性獲得升職的機(jī)會(huì)和增收，增加女性滯留在非正式、無(wú)保障的工作崗位的可能性。家庭責(zé)任的不平等分配會(huì)影響減貧進(jìn)程，另外，時(shí)間方面的不利因素影響女性在政治和社會(huì)方面的賦權(quán)。為實(shí)現(xiàn)性別平等，各國(guó)應(yīng)該認(rèn)可、支持、共同分享無(wú)償照料家庭的工作，促進(jìn)女性就業(yè)，提供女性創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)遇，提高女性對(duì)政治生活的參與度。