Zhijuan BAO，F(xiàn)olin LI*，Jun WANG，Jiahe JIANG，Binjie DAI

1.College of Tobacco Science，Yunnan Agricultural University，Kunming 650201，China；2.Qujing Cigarette Factory，Hongyun Honghe（Group）Co.，Ltd.，Qujing 655001，China

Qujing is located in the east of Yunnan Province，about130 kilometers east of Kunming，the provincial capital.Likemuch of the central and eastern parts of the province，it is part of the Yunnanguizhou Plateau.Tempered by the low latitude and moderate elevation，Qujing has a mild subtropical highland climate，with short，mild，dry winters，and warm，rainy summers.Due to the rich climate and soil types，it is the largest tobacco-producing area in China，and the yield of flue-cured tobacco was 21.2 t in 2011［1］.

The quality of tobacco leaves is affected by the appearance quality of tobacco leaves，physical properties，chemical composition，the intrinsic quality and other factors［2］.The degree of coordination of various quality indicators determines the industry use value of tobacco leaves［3-4］.The quality of tobacco leaves not only directly affects the quality and profit of tobacco products，but also plays an important role in tobacco economic development［5］.The analysis and evaluation of appearance quality of tobacco leave samples selected from the tobacco-growing areas in Qujing City，is an important means to identify the differences of the tobacco leave quality in the tobacco-growing areas［6-8］.Generally，the appearance quality factors of tobacco leaves closely related to the intrinsic quality of tobacco leaves include part，color，maturity，leaf structure，identity，oil，length，width，injury，etc.Currently，it is generally based on the qualitative evaluation at home and abroad［3］.

This article analyzes the appearance quality of the middle and upper tobacco leaves（（a total of 78 samples）in 8 flue-cured tobacco growing areas of Qujing City in 2011，in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the quality status of Qujing tobacco.The initially quantified tobacco leave appearance quality indicator system is built，in order to build the tobacco leave quality evaluation indicator system in tobacco-growing areas of Qujing City and provide a reference for guiding the establishment of tobacco leave production and raw material base construction standard system in the tobacco-growing areas.

1 Materials and methods

1.1 MaterialsIn 2011，we took the upper and central part of tobacco leaves，respectively，a total of78 samples，for appearance quality analysis from 39 tobacco-growing points in 8 regions of Qujing City（Malong County，Zhanyi County，Xuanwei City，Qilin District，Luliang County，Shizong County，F(xiàn)uyuan County，and Huize County）.

1.2 M ethodsBased on the evaluation criteria for appearance quality of tobacco leaves in Hongyun Honghe（Group）Co.，Ltd.，and 100-point standard，we assign value to the appearance quality of cutter and upper leaves，and carry out quantitative evaluation（Table 1），to establish the evaluation system for the appearance quality of tobacco leaves.

Table1 Theindicatorsfortheappearancequalityoftobaccoleavesand scoringstandardsfortheappearancequalityoftobaccoleaves

（Table 1）

As to the analysis method for appearance quality score data，we adopt SPSS19.0 statistical software package for variance analysis，multiple comparisons and other statistical analyses.

2 Results and analysis

2.1 The appearance quality analysis of tobacco leaves in Qujing CityThe total score of the appearance quality ofmiddle part of cutter leaves is76.9 to84.2 in Qujing City（Table2）；the total score of the appearance quality of upper leaves is 75.6 to 87.3（Table 3）.

The score of color of tobacco leaves is7.3 in the whole tobacco-growing area，and the color of tobacco leaves is close to orange；the score of ripeness averages 13.1（between mellow and ripe）；the score of leaf structure averages12.9（between＂firm＂and＂open＂；the score of thickness averages12.6，and the thickness of tobacco leaves is close to＂medium＂level；the score of oil content averages 14.2，at the level of＂exist＂；the score of color intensity is14（strong）；the score of length is5，and the length of tobacco leaves is more than 45cm；the injury scores2 points，and tobacco leave injury＜10%.

Table2 Theappearancequalityscore（mean）ofthecutterleavesinQujingin2011

Table3 Theappearancequalityscore（mean）oftheupperleavesinQujingin2011

2.1.1 Color.In terms of township，the score of tobacco leaves is 6.5 to 8.0 in thewhole city；in terms of district and county（Fig.1），the score of tobacco leaves is 7.0 to 7.6，with little difference.

The color score of 95%middle leaves is more than 7，and the color is between lemon yellow and orange；the color score of upper partof leaves is7 point so r more，and especially the color of tobacco leaves scores 8 points in Malong，Zhanyi，Shizong and Xuanwei.

On the whole，the color of tobacco leaves produced in the whole region is pure（orange），and there is little difference between the counties.

2.1.2 Ripeness.In terms of township，the ripeness of tobacco leaves scores between 12 and 15 in the whole region，and the tobacco leaves in the 8 regions of Qujing range from mellowness to ripeness.

From the ripeness score of the regions in Fig.1，the ripeness of tobacco leaves in southern Shizong，Malong and Luliang is the best，and the score is bet ween 13.5 and 13.7，at the level of ripeness；the ripeness of tobacco leaves in Qilin and Zhanyi is good，with the score ranging from 13.1 to 13.3；the ripeness of tobacco leaves in the northern Xuanwei，F(xiàn)uyuan and Huize is slightly inferior，and the score is between 12.4 and 12.8.

It also reflects to some extent the effects of temperature on the production of tobacco leaves.Xuanwei，F(xiàn)uyuan and Huize are located in the northeast of Qujing City，with the average temperature slightly lower than that of other regions，and the ripeness of tobacco leaves slightly worse than that of other regions.

Fig.1 ThecolorscoreoftobaccoinQujing

2.1.3 Leaf structure.In terms of township，the score is 11 to 14，and all townships score more than 12 points except Fuyuan（11 points）.The leaf structure is still in firmness.

By scoring the 8 tobacco-growing areas，the score is between 12.1 and 13.7，indicating that the leaf structure is open.On the whole，there are no significant differences between the counties.The leaf structure of tobacco leaves in Fuyuan scores slightly low，which may be due to the ripeness of tobacco leaves.

2.1.4 Thickness.In terms of township，the tobacco leaves score between 10 and 15 in the whole region，with a difference of 5 points.By scoring the thickness of tobacco leaves in the current8 tobacco-growing areas，the score of thickness of tobacco leaves ranges from 12.0 to 13.2.

It is the best in Shizong and Zhanyi，and the thickness score is more than 13 points；the score is also close in Qilin，Malong and Luliang；the score is slightly poor in Xuanwei，F(xiàn)uyuan and Huize（12 points or so），and the leaves are too thick or thin.

2.1.5 Oil content.In terms of township，the tobacco leaves in the whole region score between 12 and 18，and the oil content ranges from＂slight＂，＂exist＂，to＂more＂.The oil content of tobacco leaves is better in Shizong，Malong and Zhanyi.The oil content score of tobacco leaves averages 14 in Qilin，Luliang，Xuanwei and Huize，and the oil content also falls within the scope of＂exist＂.

The quantitative evaluation results of oil content of tobacco leaves in the 8 tobacco-growing areas are shown in Fig.5.The oil content score of tobacco leaves is between 12.9 and 15.5.It is found that the oil content of tobacco leaves in Fuyuan scores slightly low（12.9 points）；the oil content score of tobacco leaves in other regions is more than 14.0 points.

Overall，the oil content of tobacco leaves in the tobacco gro wing areas of Qujing is at the level ranging from＂exist＂to＂more＂.

2.1.6 Color intensity.In terms of township，it is scored from 12 to 17，and the color intensity falls within the scope of＂strong＂and＂thick＂.The color intensity score of tobacco leaves is low in Fuyuan（12.8 points），and the color intensity score of tobacco leaves is high in Shizong（15.2 points）.

Overall，the color intensity of tobacco leaves in the whole region falls within the scope of＂strong＂.There is little regional difference in the score of color intensity of tobacco leaves，and the overall color intensity of tobacco leaves is good.

2.2 The quantitative evaluation of overall appearance quality of tobacco leaves in different regionsAs is shown in Fig.2，the comprehensive evaluation score of appearance quality of tobacco leaves（cutter and upper leaf）is76.3 to85.8 overall in the tobacco-growing areas of Qujing.

Fig.2 Thequantitativeevaluationscoreofoverallappearance qualityoftobaccoleavesinthetobacco-growingareasof Qujingin2011

The comprehensive evaluation score of appearance quality of tobacco leaves is high in Shizong County；the comprehensive evaluation score of appearance quality of tobacco leaves is relatively lower in Fuyuan County；the score in other counties and cities is close，around 80 points.

Overall，there are differences in the evaluation score of the appearance quality of tobacco leaves between Fuyuan and 7 other regions.To fathom this difference，we use multiple statistical analysis method to carry out analysis of the appearance quality score of tobacco leaves in different regions.

From the results，it indicates that at the 0.05%significance level，there are no significant differences in the color，ripeness，thickness and color intensity of middle part of tobacco leaves in different regions；however，in the evaluation of leaf structure，there are significant differences between Fuyuan and Malong，Luliang（with P value of0.036，0.011，respectively），and there are significant differences between Huize and Luliang（with P value of 0.025）；in the evaluation of oil content，there are significant differences between Fuyuan and Shizong（P＝0.013＜0.05）.

The results are similar in the same analysis of upper part of leaves.Thus it can be seen from the results of the analysis that there are differences in the appearance quality of tobacco leaves between Fuyuan and other regions overall.

2.3 Quantitative evaluation of overall appearance quality of different varieties of tobacco leavesDue to the difference in the varieties planted in the tobacco-growing areas of Qujing City（mainly including K326 and Yunyan 87），in order to examine the effects of varieties on the appearance quality of tobacco leaves，we use the statistical analysis to analyze the score of appearance quality of upper and middle parts of purchased tobacco leaves.

From the results，there are no significant differences in the appearance quality of different varieties of tobacco leaves overall，but under pairwise comparisons（Table4），there are slight differences in the leaf structure，thickness and oil content of middle part of leaves of Yunyan 87 and K326.Yunyan 87 in the to baccogro wing areas of Qujing City is mainly grown in Malong，Zhanyi，Shizong and Luliang，while K326 ismainly grown in Fuyuan and Xuanwei，which is consistent with the overall evaluation results in different regions.

In addition，there are great evaluation differences in the appearance quality of upper part of different varieties of leaves.There are no significant differences in oil content，length and injury，but there are extremely significant differences in other indicators such as color，ripeness，leaf structure and thickness，and there are significant differences in the oil content.

Under pairwise comparisons（Table 5），there are significant differences in the evaluation of ripeness，leaf structure and thickness between Yunyan 87 and K326，between Yunyan 87 and Hongda.

Moreover，there are significant differences in the oil content and color intensity between Yunyan 87 and K326，and there are also significant differences in the color between Yunyan 87 and Hongda，suggesting that the physical characteristics of Yunyan 87 are susceptible to ecological conditions，and its ecological adaptability isworse than that of the other twomajor flue-cured tobacco varieties.

From the analysis data，the appearance quality of cutter leaves of all varieties is close，but for the upper leaves，there are significant differences between the varieties.

Table4 MultiplecomparisonsofappearancequalityofmiddlepartofleavesofYunyan87，K326andHongdainthetobacco-growingareasofQujing in2011

3 Conclusions

With the township in the tobacco-growing areas of Qujing as unit，the appearance quality of tobacco leaves is evaluated，and the overall score is between 74.5 and 90.0.There are some differences between the regions.If taking 8 tobacco-growing areas（Qilin，Malong，Zhanyi，Luliang，Shizong，Xuanwei，F(xiàn)uyuan and Huize）as unit for scoring，the score is between 76.3 and 85.8（the highest score in Malong and Shizong）.Overall，there are no significant differences between the counties.As can be seen from the results，the overall appearance quality of tobacco leaves in Qujing City is good，and the color of tobacco leaves is in the range of orange in various counties.The ripeness is good；the thickness is moderate；there is oil content；the color intensity is great.This is consistent with the results of previous studies［6-7］.

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