劉禹池, 曾祥忠, 馮文強(qiáng), 秦魚生, 王昌全, 涂仕華, 3*, 陳道全
(1 四川省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院土壤肥料研究所, 四川成都 610066; 2 四川農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)資源環(huán)境學(xué)院, 四川成都 611130; 3 國(guó)際植物營(yíng)養(yǎng)研究所成都代表處, 四川成都 610066; 4 廣漢市農(nóng)技中心, 四川廣漢 618000)
水稻和油菜是四川的兩大主要糧、 油作物,水稻-油菜輪作模式遍及四川全省。每到收獲季節(jié),這兩種作物都會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量難以處置的秸稈,導(dǎo)致農(nóng)民隨地焚燒,帶來嚴(yán)重的空氣污染問題。因此,研究尋找秸稈的合理利用途徑,杜絕焚燒,變廢為寶,成為政府關(guān)心和農(nóng)業(yè)科研人員面臨的主要生產(chǎn)問題之一,對(duì)秸稈資源的循環(huán)利用、 利用有機(jī)廢棄物料替代或部分替代化肥資源和保護(hù)生態(tài)環(huán)境具有重要意義。
秸稈還田是農(nóng)業(yè)利用秸稈的常見方式之一,主要有翻埋還田和覆蓋還田。由于翻埋還田前期(40 d內(nèi))存在土壤微生物奪氮現(xiàn)象[1-2],因此在環(huán)境條件許可的情況下作物秸稈一般多采用覆蓋還田。稻草還田能改善土壤有效養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)能力,促進(jìn)水稻根系生長(zhǎng)和對(duì)養(yǎng)分的吸收,具有一定的增產(chǎn)作用[3-10],高量稻草的增產(chǎn)效果優(yōu)于低量稻草[11]。此外,秸稈還田還能改善土壤的養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)狀況[5, 12-14],增加土壤溫度與含水量[7],降低土壤容重[13, 15],增加土壤孔隙度[14]和水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體(≥0.25 mm)數(shù)量[16-17]。同樣,高量秸稈還田的效果優(yōu)于低量。然而,以往的這些研究大多為水稻-小麥、 水稻-水稻或旱作試驗(yàn),在水稻-油菜輪作模式下開展長(zhǎng)期秸稈覆蓋定位試驗(yàn)研究鮮見報(bào)道。油菜(BrassicanapusL.)屬于直根系十字花科油料作物,與小麥之間存在諸多差異,包括礦質(zhì)養(yǎng)分的需求量和吸收規(guī)律[18],根系分泌物和同化根系分泌物的微生物群落[19],生物量和籽粒產(chǎn)量(通常只有小麥的一半或更低),秸稈養(yǎng)分含量和腐解規(guī)律[20],這些差異必然影響其后作的施肥、 生長(zhǎng)、 產(chǎn)量以及土壤理化性狀。因此,本文旨在研究成都平原水稻-油菜輪作模式下,連續(xù)免耕秸稈還田與不同用量化肥配合施用對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量和土壤肥力變化的影響,為長(zhǎng)期秸稈覆蓋還田加免耕條件下的農(nóng)田作物高產(chǎn)施肥和土壤培肥提供技術(shù)支撐。
試驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)位于四川省廣漢市西高鄉(xiāng),主要輪作方式為水稻-小麥(油菜)。土壤為灰棕沖積水稻土,試驗(yàn)前的基礎(chǔ)土樣采集于0—20 cm土層,試驗(yàn)中的土樣采集于0—5 cm、 5—15 cm和15—30 cm土層。供試基礎(chǔ)土樣pH 5.5、 有機(jī)質(zhì)31.3 g/kg、 全氮2 g/kg、 堿解氮189.8 mg/kg、 速效磷12.6 mg/kg、 速效鉀73.9 mg/kg、 緩效鉀162.7 mg/kg、 容重1.2 g/cm3。
表1 油菜稈還田下水稻季的試驗(yàn)方案 (kg/hm2)
表2 稻稈還田下油菜季試驗(yàn)方案 (kg/hm2)
本研究的土壤樣品于2010年水稻、 油菜收割后次日采集于0—5、 5—15和15—30 cm土層。除15—30 cm土壤樣品僅用于測(cè)定化學(xué)指標(biāo)外,另外兩個(gè)土層還測(cè)定了土壤容重(環(huán)刀法), 風(fēng)干土樣測(cè)定了團(tuán)聚體(干篩法和濕篩法)、 全氮(半微量開氏法)、 全磷(NaOH熔融—分光光度計(jì)法)、 全鉀(NaOH熔融—火焰光度計(jì)法)、 堿解氮(堿解擴(kuò)散法)、 速效磷(碳酸氫鈉—鉬銻抗比色法)、 速效鉀(醋酸銨浸提—火焰光度計(jì)法)和有機(jī)質(zhì)(重鉻酸鉀容量法)[21]。
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用DPS分析統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件中的單因素LSD多重比較分析功能對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行差異顯著性統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,并用Excel進(jìn)行基礎(chǔ)運(yùn)算。
表3 20052011年水稻-油菜輪作施肥量水稻產(chǎn)量 (kg/hm2)
本試驗(yàn)結(jié)果對(duì)秸稈還田條件下水稻-油菜輪作的養(yǎng)分管理具有指導(dǎo)意義,油菜季必須施用磷肥,才能保證油菜的持續(xù)高產(chǎn);而在水稻季,則可以不施磷肥,不施或少施鉀肥,同樣可以保證水稻持續(xù)高產(chǎn)。
表4 20062012年水稻-油菜輪作施肥量對(duì)油菜產(chǎn)量的影響 (kg/hm2)
圖1 秸稈還田對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分的影響Fig.1 Effects of straw mulching on amount of soil nutrients
總之,稻草還田配施氮、 磷和鉀肥不但能維持水稻持續(xù)高產(chǎn),而且能增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和速效氮、 磷、 鉀養(yǎng)分[14, 30-31]。
表5 水稻-油菜輪作施肥對(duì)土壤容重和總孔隙度的影響
表6 水稻-油菜輪作施肥對(duì)0—15 cm土中>0.25 mm團(tuán)聚體的影響
在免耕秸稈還田條件下,土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)存在明顯的表聚現(xiàn)象,即主要累積在0—5 cm土層,而對(duì)以下層次的土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)影響很小。增加氮、 磷肥能促進(jìn)0—5 cm土層有機(jī)質(zhì)累積,減少鉀肥用量則降低土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)累積。與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)相似,土壤速效氮、 磷、 鉀養(yǎng)分也存在顯著的表聚現(xiàn)象,其累積量與肥料施用量相關(guān)。因此,減磷處理的土壤速效磷含量最低,減鉀處理的土壤速效鉀為次低,最低為無秸稈覆蓋的化肥處理。長(zhǎng)期秸稈覆蓋還田能顯著降低0—5 cm土層容重,但增加下土層的容重;而對(duì)空隙度的影響正好相反;對(duì)0—5 cm土層的非水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體影響相對(duì)較小,而對(duì)水穩(wěn)性團(tuán)聚體影響則非常顯著。表明長(zhǎng)期秸稈覆蓋還田對(duì)表土層物理性狀改善的作用與效果。
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