Sushant Kumar Verma, Abdul Alim

Co-operative College, Ranchi University, India

Differences in the activity of prolactin cells in male and female fresh water teleost Mastacembelus armatus (Lacepede) during gonadal cycle

Sushant Kumar Verma*, Abdul Alim

Co-operative College, Ranchi University, India

ARTICLE INFO

Article history:

Received 4 March 2014

Received in revised form 10 May 2014

Accepted 12 May 2014

Available online 20 September 2014

Mastacembelus armatus

Prolactin

17β-estradiol

Testosterone

Gonadal cycle

Objective: To determine the differences in the activity of pituitary prolactin cells between male and female fresh water teleost Mastacembelus armatus (M. armatus) during their reproductive cycle. Methods: Fishes were sampled every month throughout the year. They were dissected, gonads weighed for the determination of GSI. Blood samples were collected for estimation of plasma calcium, 17β-estradiol of females and testosterone of males and prolactin. Nuclear diameter of PRL cells, diameter of oocyte and testicular lobule was measured by image analyzer microscope. An experiment was also conducted in which female and male fishes were injected with 17β-estradiol and 17 alpha-methyltestosterone respectively and the blood samples were analyzed for plasma calcium, prolactin and sex steroids levels. Results: Negligible change in plasma calcium and prolactin level and little variation in nuclear diameter of PRL cells were recorded throughout the year in relation to testicular cycle as well as after 17 alpha-methyltestosterone administration in male. Variations in level of plasma calcium and prolactin and a large range of difference in nuclear diameter of PRL cells were noted during ovarian cycle as well as after 17β-estradiol administration in female. Conclusion: Difference in the activity of PRL cells was noted between male and female M. armatus. It act as hypercalcemic factor in females whose level increase along with maturation of ovary with the influence of increasing level of 17β-estradiol from ovarian follicles to fulfill the increased demand of calcium for vitellogenesis and thus directly effecting reproduction. No such role of prolactin was observed for male fishes.

1. Introduction

More than 300 different biological activities have been identified for prolactin[1], a hormone secreted by rostral pars distalis of pituitary. Among these activities the important ones are maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, growth and development, behaviour, reproduction, and immunoregulation[1].

The role of prolactin (PRL) during reproduction has been described significantly in mammals[1-2] as well as in other vertebrates[1-4]. In both mammals and birds, PRL was found to involve in promoting survival and steroidogenesis of the corpus luteum[5].

Endocrine control of fish reproduction remains relatively poor understood compared to other vertebrate models. As far as PRL is concerned, comparatively less research has been done regarding its role during reproduction and inconsistent results were obtained. Few studies have been conducted in certain species of fishes like tilapia[6-7], seabream [8-9], Japanese flounder[10] and goldfish[11] which confirmed the role of prolactin in reproductive activities like spermatogenesis, vitellogenesis or ovulation evidenced by increase in its plasma level as well as increase in the amount of mRNA and mature protein in gonads. It was found that the level of plasma prolactin increases

along with gonadotrophin during gonadal development in freshwater catfish Clarius batrachus (C. batrachus), and reaches a maximum during spawning[12]. However no such type of variation was noted in Japanese eels[13]. 17β-estradiol treatments produced an increase in PRL mRNA depending on the maturity of the animal in seabream[8]. The low level of plasma prolactin in juvenile male blue gouramis in comparison to adults also confirmed its role in reproduction[14]. PRL directly stimulates testosterone production in courting male Mozambique tilapia[15]. It was found to stimulate 17β-estradiol secretions in guppy [Poecilia reticulate (P. reticulate)] oocytes during their development[16] and has also been found to have a gonadotrophic and steroidogenic action in hypophysectomised Fundulus heteroclitus (F. heteroclitus) [17]. In Heteropneustes fossilis (H. fossilis) hypophysectomy causes rapid regression of seminal vesicles, PRL acts in a synergistic manner with HCG and androgens to stimulate seminal vesicle growth and secretion[18].

Calcium is an important factor in fishes for various physiological activities especially during reproduction. Role of prolactin in calcium homeostasis in fishes has been proposed from time to time. It was suggested that prolactin may be the pituitary hypercalcemic principal in fish[19]. An inverse relationship between calcium levels in the external environment and prolactin cell (PRL cell) activity has been reported in freshwater stickleback[20] and tilapia[21]. It is reported that the steroid hormones, estrogen and testosterone, are able to enhance the response of PRL cells to GnRH, increasing percentage release over 3-fold. Thus steroids may regulate the sensitivity of the PRL cells to GnRH stimulation during the reproductive cycle[22].

Although all such studies indicated the involvement of prolactin in calcium homeostasis during reproduction in fishes, still further investigations are needed in order to collect more information on the source of hypercalcemic hormone from the pituitary and hypercalcemic regulation as they are the most diverse group of vertebrates and showed inconsistent results towards hypercalcemic role of prolactin on many occasions.

The fish Mastacembelus armatus is one among the economically important species in rural parts of India [23]. Therefore for evaluating commercial potentialities it is necessary to know every aspect of its reproductive physiology. The species prefers to avoid light as far as possible and likes to hide away by bury themselves in sand during the daytime. Due to its habit the possible role of melatonin on prolactin secretion and therefore on reproduction can be best studied in case of fishes by using this species as animal model. As far as my knowledge is concerned no previous work has been done regarding the difference in the activity of prolactin cells in male and female fishes during reproduction in this particular species. Therefore the present study was undertaken to find out the exact role of this hormone in M. armatus by analyzing the monthly variations in plasma calcium, 17β-estradiol, testosterone and prolactin levels. The reproductive cycle as well as the seasonal activity of the prolactin cells was traced out with simultaneous determination of 17β-estradiol, testosterone and serum calcium level with the hypothesis that the hormone prolactin might play an important role in calcium homeostasis during reproduction in this species as explored in some other teleosts.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Animals and sampling procedure

Ten adult specimens of both male and female M. armatus were randomly sampled every month throughout the year using the beach seines, gill nets or stake tapes and transferred immediately to the laboratory where body weight of each specimen was measured. The collected specimens were anesthetized with phenoxyethanol, the tail was severed and the blood samples were collected from the caudal vessels using a heparinized syringe for estimation of plasma calcium, 17β-estradiol, testosterone and prolactin level. The fishes were dissected, gonads excised and weighed (g) for the determination of gonadosomatic index.

2.2. Plasma calcium estimation

After centrifugation (1 min, 10 000 g) total plasma calcium concentrations were measured colorimetrically using a calcium kit (Sigma Diagnostics).

2.3. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

A competitive ELISA technique[24] which is based on competition between free PRL in standard or plasma samples and PRL immobilized on microtiter plates for the PRL antibodies was used for determination of plasma prolactin level.

2.4. Radioimmunoassay

Plasma concentration of testosterone and 17β-estradiol were determined by RIA method[25, 26], following Guerriero et al. [27]. The sensitivity of testosterone was 7 pg (intraassay, 7%; interassay, 13%), and that of 17β-estradiol was 5 pg (intra-assay, 9%; interassay, 13%). The antibody used for testosterone determinations cross-reacted with dihydrotestosterone, and therefore the data are reported as androgens[28].

2.5. Histological parameters

Gonads were preserved in Bouin’s solution (75 mL saturated picric acid, 25 mL 40% formaldehyde and 5 mL glacial acetic acid). After 10 to 16 hours (depending upon the

size of the sample) they were placed in to 70% alcohol. Before being embedded in paraffin, the tissues were dehydrated in increasing concentration of alcohol (90% and absolute alcohol) and sections of 5-7 μm were prepared with a microtome. Maturity stages of gonads were determined by studying histological changes after staining sections in haematoxylin and counterstaining in eosin.

Bouin’s fluid (fixative) was poured over the exposed brain. After considerable period of time the brain along with intact pituitary was taken out and fixed in the same fixative. After dehydration and paraffin embedding the tissues were sectioned at 5-7 μm. The sections were stained in haematoxylin and counterstained in eosin. In addition several sections were stained at need by Mallory’s triple.

Nuclear diameter of PRL cells (μm) were measured by image analyzer microscope (Metavis image analyzing system with Meltmage Lx Software). 50 nuclei were randomly selected from every fifth section of the gland. Total number of the nuclei measured was always more than 300 for each individual.

2.6. Experiment

To analyze the effect of 17β-estradiol administration on PRL cell activity 36 live, (18 male and 18 female) adult and healthy specimens of M. armatus were collected from Dimna Lake, Jamshedpur, during the month of December which is the resting phase for this species in terms of reproduction. They were acclimatized to laboratory conditions (temperature, 27 ℃-32 ℃; light: Dark photoperiod, 12.00 h:12.00h). After 15 days the fishes were divided between three groups, one group consisting of 6 female, other group with 6 male and the last group with 6 male and 6 female and kept in separate aquaria of 100 L capacity. The group containing both male and females was injected with 0.1 mL of vehicle (peanut oil), the group containing only females was administrated with 100 μg of 17β-estradiol (sigma) in 0.1 mL of vehicle the group consisting of only males was with 100 μg of 17alpha-Methyltestosterone (sigma) in 0.1 mL of vehicle. The fishes were injected intraperitonially on alternate days and injections were given at the same time of the day to avoid diurnal variation. The blood samples were collected for plasma calcium, 17β-estradiol, testosterone and prolactin level estimation after 15 days. At the same time the pituitary gland was also removed for histological analysis.

2.7. Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance was accepted at P<0.05.

3. Results

3.1. Gonadal cycle

The gonadal cycle of M. armatus is divided into five stages which are represented in table 1 and 2 along with observed characteristics.

3.2. Variations in plasma calcium, steroid, prolactin and nuclear diameter of PRL cells

In males: Negligible change in plasma calcium and prolactin level was recorded throughout the year in relation to testicular cycle (Figure 1). Variations in plasma testosterone level were observed which showed similar

pattern in changes as that of GSI. Testosterone ranged from 0.6-1.5 μg/L (Figure 1).

Table 1Different phases of ovarian cycle of M. armatus with observed parameters.

Little variation in nuclear diameter of PRL cells (ranged from 3.22± 0.25 to 3.11± 0.16) was recorded for males (Figure 2).

Table 2Different phases of testicular cycle of M. armatus with observed parameters.

Figure 1. Plasma calcium, prolactin and testosterone level of male M. armatus during different phases of testicular cycle.

Figure 2. Changes in nuclear diameter of PRL cells during different phases of gonadal cycle in female M. armatus.

In females: Considerable variations in the level of plasma calcium were observed in female fishes (Figure 3). Increase in the serum calcium level was observed during advanced maturation phase reaching the peak during spawning phase. Afterwards gradually decreases with spawning and reduced to minimum at resting phase. 17β-estradiol ranged from 2-4 μg/L (Figure 3) during ovarian cycle and changes in its concentration showed a similar pattern as changes of GSI. A large variation in the GSI was observed in case of females during annual gonadal cycle (Table 1). A large range of difference (from 3.76 to 6.83) was noted in nuclear diameter of PRL cells for females (Figure 2).

Figure 3. Plasma calcium, prolactin and 17β-estradiol level of female M. armatus during different phases of ovarian cycle.

3.3. Effects of synthetic steroid administration

Negligible increase in the plasma calcium levels nuclear diameter of PRL cells and prolactin levels were observed in male fishes (Fig 4) after 17alpha-Methyltestosterone administration. On the other hand a sudden rise in plasma calcium level, nuclear diameter of prolactin cells and plasma prolactin levels were observed in female fishes (Figure 4).

Figure 4. Effect of synthetic steroid administration in male and female fishes.

4. Discussion

Variations in the level of 17-β-estradiol in females and testosterone in males of M. armatus correspond well with gonadal activity indicated by gonadosomatic index value. Variations in plasma testosterone level showed similar pattern in changes as that of GSI. High levels of testosterone signified that fishes undergo spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis[29]. In case of M. armatus high values were obtained from August to September which indicated that fishes produce milts during these months. The low levels indicated spermatogonia proliferation phase which occurs during resting phase in male fishes. December to February is the months having low levels of testosterone indicating spermatogonia proliferation phase for M. armatus.

High gonadosomatic indices recorded during late July to September implied that females would likely to spawn during these months. Increase in gonadosomatic index is associated with changes in 17-β-estradiol levels in circulation[30]. Vitellogenesis is initiated by rise in 17-β-estradiol levels[30]. High values of 17-β-estradiol during prespawning and spawning phase indicated that M. armatus undergo vitellogenesis and attains maturity. High gonadosomatic indices in the months with high levels of 17-β-estradiol indicated that vitellogenesis is going inside the ovaries and conformed the role of 17-β-estradiol in vitellogenesis.

Inconsistent results were obtained from time to time regarding the correlation between plasma calcium level and testicular maturation. Woodhead[31] reported that a positive correlation exists between blood calcium level and testicular maturation in arctic cod and sea cod. However in the present study on M. armatus no such correlation was observed which is in agreement with reports of other workers[32-33].

However a seasonal variation in plasma calcium and 17-βestradiol level as well as correlation between them was found which is in agreement with earlier observations made on other fishes[34-35].

Gonadotrophic hormone from pituitary stimulates ovarian follicle to secrete estrogen. Plasma concentration of 17-βestradiol was found to be maximum during pre spawning phase in M. armatus. Several authors have correlated the enhanced secretion of 17-βestradiol during the sexual maturation of females with serum calcium level [36]. Increased plasma level of 17-βestradiol initiated transcription and translation of VTG in liver[37] and increase protein-bound fraction of plasma calcium levels[38]. Increases in plasma calcium and VTG concentration due to influence of estrogen have been reported previously in salmonid fish[39].

Marked seasonal variations in plasma prolactin level associated with ovarian maturation and serum calcium level was also observed in female M. armatus. No such significant changes in plasma prolactin level associated with testicular cycle were observed in male fishes. In females the prolactin cell activity increased to maximum during pre spawning period manifested by increase in plasma concentration of prolactin as well as nuclear diameter of prolactin cells. This increased activity of prolactin cells was probably due to increased 17-βestradiol secretion during ovarian maturation which is in agreement with the results obtained by earlier workers[40-41]. Diminished activity of prolactin cells were noted after spawning when serum calcium level abruptly falls. During diminished activity of the gland the nuclear diameter reduced considerably.

Administration of 17-βestradiol for 10 days induced hypercalcemia in female M. armatus. A considerable difference in plasma calcium levels was observed between estradiol injected female fishes and controls. Hyperactivity of the prolactin cells indicated by increase in nuclear diameter of PRL cells were noted in female M. armatus after estradiol administration which is supported by the findings of earlier workers[42] (Singh & Singh 1981) Thus it can be concluded that the observed increased level of prolactin during gonadal maturation in female M. armatus was probably due to the effect of increased estradiol level.

Thus the role of prolactin in female M. armatus has been established and can be considered as hypercalcemic factor whose level increase during maturation phase of ovary with the influence of estradiol from ovarian follicles and thus directly effecting reproduction. No such role of prolactin was observed in male fishes as the plasma level of calcium as well as prolactin found to remain almost constant throughout the testicular cycle. M. armatus is a nocturnal fish and due to this habit a melatonin might have some influence on the secretion of prolactin. Further work has been proposed in this fish to find out the role of melatonin in prolactin synthesis and secretion because the direct role of prolactin in reproduction has been established in this study and melatonin may influence the reproductive capacity of this species by acting indirectly.

Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no conflict of interest.

[1] Bole-Feysot C, Goffin V, Edery M, Binart N, Kelly PA. Prolactin (PRL) and its receptor: Actions, signal transduction pathways and phenotypes observed in PRL receptor knockout mice. Endocr Rev 1998; 19: 225-268.

[2] Bachelot A, Binart N. Reproductive role of prolactin. Reproduction 2007; 133: 361-369.

[3] Schradin C, Anzenberger G. Prolactin, the hormone of paternity. News Physiol Sci 1999; 14: 223-231.

[4] Ziegler TE. Hormones associated with non-maternal infant care: A review of mammalian and avian studies. Folia Primatol 2000; 71: 6-21.

[5] Bouilly J, Sonigo C, Auffret J, Gibori G, Binart N. Prolactin signaling mechanisms in ovary. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 356: 80-87.

[6] Edery M, Young G, Bern HA, Steiny S. Prolactin receptors in tilapia (Sarotherodon mossambicus) tissues: Binding studies using I-125 labeled ovine prolactin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1984; 56: 19-23.

[7] Sandra O, Le Rouzic P, Cauty C, Edery M, Prunet P. Expression of the prolactin receptor (tiPRL-R) gene in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus: tissue distribution and cellular localization in osmoregulatory organs. J Mol Endocrinol 2000; 24: 215-224.

[8] Cavaco JEB, Santos CRA, Ingleton PM, Canario AVM, Power DM. Quantification of prolactin (PRL) and PRL receptor messenger RNA in gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) after treatment with Estradiol-17 beta. Biol Reprod 2003; 68: 588-594.

[9] Santos CRA, Ingleton PM, Cavaco JEB, Kelly PA, Edery M, Power DM. Cloning, characterization, and tissue distribution of prolactin receptor in the sea bream (Sparus aurata). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001; 121: 32-47.

[10] Higashimoto Y, Nakao N, Ohkubo T, Tanaka M, Nakashima K. Structure and tissue distribution of prolactin receptor mRNA in Japanese flounder (Paralichtys olivaceus): Conserved and preferential expression in osmoregulatory organs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001; 123: 170-179.

[11] Tse DLY, Chow BKC, Chan CB, Lee LTO, Cheng CHK. Molecular cloning and expression studies of a prolactin receptor in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Life Sci 2000; 66: 593-605.

[12] Tacon P, Baroiller JF, Le Bail PY, Prunet P, Jalabert B. Effect of egg deprivation on sex steroids, gonadotropin, prolactin, and growth hormone profiles during the reproductive cycle of the mouthbrooding cichlid fish Oreochromis niloticus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2000; 117: 54-65.

[13] Ozaki Y, Ishida K, Saito K, Ura K, Adachi S, Yamauchi K. Immunohistochemical changes in production of pituitary hormones during artificial maturation of female Japanese eel Anguilla japonica. Fish Sci 2007; 73: 574-584.

[14] Degani G, Yom-Din S, Goldber D, Jackson K. cDNA cloning of blue gourami (Trichogaster trichopterus) prolactin and its expression during the gonadal cycles of males and females. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33: 7-12.

[15] Rubin DA, Specker JL. In vitro effects of homologous prolactins on testosterone production by testes of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 1992; 87: 189-196.

[16] Tan CH, Wong LY, Pang MK, Lam TJ. Tilapia prolactin stimulates estradiol-17-beta synthesis in vitro in vitellogenic oocytes of the guppy Poecilia reticulata. J Exp Zool 1988; 248: 361-364.

[17] Singh H, Griffith RW, Takahashi A, Kawauchi H, Thomas P, Stegeman JJ. Regulation of gonadal steroidogenesis in Fundulus heteroclitus by recombinant salmon growth hormone and purified salmon prolactin. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1988; 72: 144-153.

[18] Sundararaj B, Goswami SV. Seminal vesicle response of intact castrate and hypophysectomized catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) to testosterone propionate prolactin and growth hormone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1965; 5: 464-474.

[19] Seale AP, Richman NH , Hirano T , Cooke I, Grau EG. Cell volume increase and extracellular Ca2+are needed for hyposmotically induced prolactin release in tilapia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 284: C1280-C1289.

[20] Wendelaar Bonga SE. The effect of changes in external sodium, calcium and magnesium concentration on prolactin cells, skin and plasma electrolytes of Gasterosteus aculeatus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1978; 34: 265-275.

[21] Wendelaar Bonga SE, Lowik CJM, Van der Meij JCA. Effects of external Mg2+and Ca2+on branchial osmotic water permeability and prolactin secretion in the teleost fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983; 52: 222.

[22] Weber GM, Powell JFF, Park M, Fischer WH, Craig AG, Rivier JE, et al. Evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) functions asa prolactin-releasing factor in a teleost fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) and primary structures for three native GnRH molecules. J Endocrinol 1997; 155: 121-132

[23] Verma SK, Murmu TD. Ichthyofauna of Dimna lake, East Singhbhum District, Jharkhand, India. J Threat Taxa 2010; 2(6):992-993.

[24] Mayer-Gostan N, Flik G, Pang PKT. An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for stanniocalcin, a major hypocalcemic hormone in teleost. Gen Com Endocrinol 1992; 86: 10-19.

[25] D Istria M, Delrio G, Botte V, Chieffi G. Radioimmunoassay of testosterone, 17β-oestradiol and oestrone in the male and female plasma of Rana esculenta during sexual cycle. Steroids Lipids Res 1974; 5: 42-48

[26] Polzonetti A, Bellini L, Gobetti A, Botte V, Crasto A. Plasma sex hormones and post-reproductive period in the green frog Rana esculenta complex. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1983; 54: 372-377.

[27] Guerriero G, Paolucci M, Botte V, Ciarcia G. The reproductive cycle

of the cyprinid Alburnus albidus: morphological changes of the male gonads and plasma sex steroid fluctuations. Ital J Zool 1998; 65: 223-226.

[28] Guerriero G, Ferro R, Ciarcia G. Correlations between Plasma Levels of Sex Steroids and Spermatogenesis during the Sexual Cycle of the Chub, Leuciscus cephalus L. (Pisces: Cyprinidae). Zool Stud 2005; 44(2): 228-233.

[29] Fatimat AA, Siraj SS, Harmin SA, Christianus A. Plasma sex steroid hormonal profile and gonad histologyduring the annual reproductive cycle of river catfish Hemibagrus nemurus (Valenciennes, 1840) in captivity. Fish Physiol Biochem 2013; 39: 547-557.

[30] Lee WK, Yang SW. Relationship between ovarian development and serum levels of gonadal steroid hormones and induction of oocyte maturation and ovulation in the cultured female Korean spotted sea bass Lateolabraxm aculatus (Jeom-nongoeo). Aquaculture 2002; 207:169-183.

[30] Barcellos LJG, Wassermann FG, Scott Ap, Woehl VM, Quevedo RM, Istvanittzes I, et al. Steroid profiles in cultured female jundia, the Siluridae Rhamdia quelen Quoy and Gaimard, Pisces, Teleostei during the first reproductive cycle. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001; 121: 325-332.

[31] Woodhead PMJ. Seasonal changes in the calcium content of the blood of arctic cod. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 1968; 48: 81-91.

[32] Swarup K, Srivastav SP, Srivastav AK. Seasonal changes in the structure and behaviour of Stannius corpuscles and serum calcium level of Clarias batrachus in relation to the reproductive cycle. Zool Anz 1986; 217: 402-408.

[33] Singh S, Srivastav Ajai K. Changes in the serum calcium and phosphate levels in relation to the annual reproductive cycle of the freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis. Boletim de Physiologie Animale 1990; 14: 81-86

[34] Persson P, Takagi Y, Bjornsson B Th. Tartarate resistant acid phosphatase as a marker for scale resorption in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Effects of estradiol-17B treatment and refeeding. Fish Physiol Biochem 1995; 14: 329-339.

[35] Yeo IK, Mugiya Y. Effects of extracellular calcium concentration and calcium antagonists on vitellogenin induction by estradiol 17 B in primary hepatocyte culture in the rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Gen Com Endocrinol 1997; 105: 294-301.

[36] Pang PKT. Endocrine control of calcium metabolism in teleosts. Am Zool 1973; 13: 775-792.

[37] Fontaine M, Chartier-Baraduc M, Deville J, Lopez E, Poncet M. Sur les variations de la calcemie observées chez Salmo salar L. a diverses étapes de son cycle vital. Leur determinisme endocrinien et leur intervention eventuelle sur le comportement. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l’Académie des Sci 1969; 268: 1058-1061.

[38] Balbontin F, Espinosa X, Pang PKT. Gonadal maturation and serum calcium level in two teleosts, the hake and the killifish. Com Biochem Physiol 1978; 61A: 617-621.

[39] Bjornsson B Th, Haux C, Forlin L, Deftos LJ. The involvement of calcitonin in the reproductive physiology of the rainbow trout. J Endocrinol 1986; 108: 17-23.

[40] Singh S, Singh TP. Seasonal profiles of sex steroids in blood plasma and ovarian tissue of Clarias batrachus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1987; 65:216-224.

[41] Amara JF, Van Itallie C, Dannies PS. Regulation of prolactin production and cell growth by estradiol: difference in sensitivity to estradiol occurs at level of messenger ribonucleic acid accumulation. Endocrinology 1987; 120: 264-271.

[42] Singh SP, Singh TP. Effects of sex steroids on pituitary and serum prolactin levels in ovariectomised catfish, Clarias batrachus. Ann. Endocrinol (Paris) 1981; 42: 57-62.

ment heading

10.1016/S2305-0500(14)60031-2

*Corresponding author: Dr. Sushant Kumar Verma, C/O Dr D C Sarkar, 150/A, Agyeynagar, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India Pin Code- 495001.

Tel: +917587300084

E-mail: vermasushant2008@gmail.com