LI Da(李達),FANG Wen-Cheng(方文程),GU Qiang(顧強),WANG Zhen(王震),ZHANG Meng(張猛), TAN Jian-Hao(譚建豪),WANG Chao-Peng(王超鵬),and ZHAO Zhen-Tang(趙振堂),

1Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 201800,China

2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China

Simulation studies on two-frequency RF gun

LI Da(李達),1,2FANG Wen-Cheng(方文程),1GU Qiang(顧強),1WANG Zhen(王震),1,2ZHANG Meng(張猛),1TAN Jian-Hao(譚建豪),1,2WANG Chao-Peng(王超鵬),1,2and ZHAO Zhen-Tang(趙振堂)1,?

1Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai 201800,China

2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China

Photocathode RF gun is widely used for particle accelerators as an electron source.When driving an RF electron gun at the fundamental frequency and a higher harmonic frequency simultaneously with proper field ratio and relative phase,it generates electron beams of ultralow emittance and a linear longitudinal phase space distribution.Such a gun provides high quality electron beam with low energy spread,small traverse emittance and high brightness.In this paper,the RF design of a 1.5 cell cavity is presented.Simulation results of beam dynamics for the two-frequency gun and a standard single-frequency RF gun are also shown in this paper.In addition,bunch compression with a two-frequency gun is explored.

RF gun,Two-frequency,Traverse emittance,Emittance compensation,Energy spread,Bunch compression

I.INTRODUCTION

Generating high quality electron beams is a critical issue for free-electron laser(FEL)facilities.The characteristics of electron beams and reliability of an FEL facility strongly depend on properties of the electron source.To get electron beams of sufficient brightness,photocathode RF guns are widely adopted in most FEL facilities nowadays.

Transverse emittance of an RF gun is predominated by space charge forces,RF effects and thermal emittance.As both linear space charge and RF effects can be compensated by solenoid technique[1],the final projected emittance is dominatedbyspacechargeoscillationandemittancecompensation[2,3].Serafini et al.[4]proposed that when an RF gun cavity was operated with an extra harmonic TM012-πmode, the field could neutralize the emittance blowup induced by RF-time-dependent forces.An RF cavity operated at 1.5 and 4.5GHz was designed for PSI-XFEL[5].

For future FEL facilities,the final compression is so extreme that non-linear effects such as sinusoidal RF timecurvature may occur easily.A higher harmonic was proposed to compensate the compression transformation,while maintaining the initial temporal bunch profile.X-band RF harmonic compensation for linear bunch compression has been used in the LCLS[6].Similar schemes have been proposed at DESY[7]and Boeing[8].With harmonic section,a twofrequencyRF guncan provide partialharmoniccompensation for bunch compression.

In this paper,a two-frequency 1.5 cell gun with optimized RF parameters is designed.The scheme adopted is of easier fabrication than the PSI type.Intensive simulations have been carried out.The emittance compensation process of a twofrequency gun is discussed in detail.The process of bunch compression with a two-frequency gun is performed by the lattice of the Shanghai deep ultraviolet FEL facility(SDUVFEL)[9]at SINAP.

Fig.1.(Color online)Electric field contour lines at the fundamental frequency of 2.998GHz(a)and the 3rdharmonic frequency of 8.994GHz(b).

II.RF CAVITY DESIGN

SUPERFISH[10],which is an excellent code to simulate electromagnetic field,was used to design the cavity. A convergence optimization was performed to ensure that the meshes are small enough for calculating the field accurately.The 1.5 cells RF cavity is supposed to be operated at 2.998GHz and 8.994GHz in TM010-πand TM012-πmodes, respectively.To make the gun operate at the desired frequencies and expected modes,at least two geometric parameters of the cavity are needed to adjust the frequency.According to simulation results,fundamental frequency is sensitive to the radius of cells,while the third harmonic is sensitive to the length of cells.The working modes are shown in Fig.1.Themicrowave parameters computed by SUPERFISH are given in Table 1.

TABLE 1.Microwave parameters of the RF gun from SUPERFISH

The field balance[11]of both modes are almost equal to 1,as shown in Fig.2.A total peak fl at-top on-axial field is obtained when the two modes are in phase opposition, with the fundamental and the 3rdharmonic amplitudes being 100MV/m and 11MV/m,respectively.

Fig.2.(Color online)On-axial electric field.

III.BEAM DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS

Properties of the electron beams generated by the twofrequency RF gun,i.e.beam energy,transverse emittance, the 2ndorder energy chirp and energy spread,were simulated using the codes of ASTRA[12]and ELEGANT[13]. In this paper,the emittance compensation process of a twofrequency RF gun,and all results without the 3rdharmonic, are presented.

To discuss the beam dynamics of an RF gun with a halfcell as the first cell[14],Kim proposed a simple analysis method[15],where the electric field along the axial is assumed as

where E1is the peak accelerating field,ω is the angular frequency,k= ω/c,and ?0is the initial injection phase.The exit normalize energy gain for a 1.5 cell gun is given by

where α=eE1/(2m0c2k).So,an extra mode with frequency tripled to the fundamental mode is imported on the fundamental one,the axial electric field can be written as:

where ?3is the initial phase of the 3rdharmonic,E3is the peak accelerating field of the 3rdharmonic.The normalized energy gain from the 3rdharmonic is

From Eqs.(2)and(4),the total energy gain is

For all simulations in this paper,?0and ?3stemmed from ASTRA representing the initial phases of fundamental mode and the 3rdharmonic,corresponding to ?0and ?3in Eq.(3). All simulations in this section were performed with electron beams of Gaussian profiles and in bunch charges of 1nC. To demonstrate the two-frequency RF gun for accelerating long bunches,the pre-accelerated beam length was 20ps,and E3=100MV/m for all cases.

According to Serafini et al.[4],an additional harmonic to the RF fundamental field would greatly reduce the RF emittance.A harmonic RF field shall linearize the RF force to the 4thorder,both longitudinally and transversely[16].The condition can be achieved when the bunch exit phase is 90?and the n-th harmonic field(En)over the fundamental field(E1) is En/E1=1/n2.In this case,?0=52.5?is the exit phase for bunch exit phase of 90?.However,this set of RF parameters are not applicable for emittance compensation,though the RF emittance is minimized.

In an operating BNL type photoinjector,the final projected emittance is dominated by space charge osillation and emittance compensation[2].In order to minimize chromatic aberration effect,?0is always chosen to minimize energy spread at the gun exit.In an optimal case,?0=47?,?3=4?and E3=14MV/m,by optimizing the rms energy spread at the gun exit.With this set of RF parameters,the 2ndorder energy chirp and the emittance compensation can be optimized.

A.Beam energy

At ?0=47?,the effect of the 3rdharmonic on beam energy is simulated.According to Eq.(5),the beam energy at the gun exit is decided by the fundamental mode and the 3rdharmonic.As shown in Fig.3(a),with harmonic field amplitude fixed,Δγ is a sinusoidal function of ?3,agreeing with Eq.(5);while with ?3fixed(Fig.3(b)),Δγ3varies linearly with E3,agreeing with Eq.(4).

Fig.3.(Color online)Beam energy at the gun exit(a)vs.initial phase of the 3rdharmonic,at E1=100MV/m and ?0=47?(each line corresponds with a certain value of E3),and energy gain from the harmonic at ?3=190?(b).

B.RF emittance,energy spread and the longitudinal phase space

To illustrate the RF emittance reduction by harmonic field, thespacechargeeffectisswitchedoff,and?0=52.5?issuggested by the theory[16].In presence of the 3rdharmonic, the RF emittance is reduced,compared with the case without the 3rdharmonic(Fig.4(a)).By optimizing the energy spread at the gun exit at ?0=47?under space charge,we found optimal harmonic settings for the two-frequency RF gun:?3=4?and E3=14MV/m(Fig.4(b)).

To discuss the longitudinal phase space distribution,we performed a linear fitting of the relative energy deviation, which is a function of the relative position to a reference particle,it is given by

Fig.4.(Color online)RF emittance(a)and energy spread(b)at the gun exit in absence of space charge,as function of initial phase of the 3rdharmonic in different amplitudes at E1=100MV/m and ?0=52.5?.Each line corresponds with certain value of E3.

whereaandbarethecoefficientsrelatedtolongitudinalphase space,E0is energy of the reference particle,ΔE is the relative energy of the electron to the reference particle,and Z is the longitudinal position of the electron with respect to the reference particle.

The second derivative of ΔE/E0(Z)represents the 2ndorder energy chirp,which can be removed at b=0.At ?0= 47?,simulations of the 2ndorder energy chirp as function of the amplitude of harmonic field was performed in presence of the space charge.In addition,at ?3=4?, so that the maximum efficiency for linearizing longitudinal phase space is achieved according to Fig.4(b).At ?0=47?, E1=100MV/m and ?3=4?,coefficient b was-16.78/m2, -5.57/m2,-0.13/m2and 4.34/m2at E3=0,10,14 and 20MV/m,respectively.The 2ndorder energy chirp could be almost compensated by the 3rdharmonic at E3=14MV/m, compared with the case of no 3rdharmonic.However,if the harmonic field amplitude exceeds certain threshold,the 2ndorder energy chirp would be over compensated.

Figure 5(a)shows that for 20-ps bunches,the 3rdharmonichas linearized the longitudinal phase space in absence of the space charge.The 2ndorder energy chirp is removed by 3rdharmonic at E3=14MV/m and ?3=4?.The 3rdharmonic has improved the longitudinal phase space in presence of the space charge(Fig.5(b)).The full width,correlated energy spread is reduced from 90keV to 50keV.

TABLE 2.Transverse emittance at the drift exit at different initial fundamental mode phase with or without the 3rdharmonic in presence of the space charge.For each case the solenoid field is optimized,at E1=100MV/m and bunch charge=1nC

Fig.5.(Color online)Longitudinal phase space at 1nC with and without harmonics,in absence(a)and presence(b)of the space charge,at ?0=47?,E1=100MV/m and ?3=4?.

C.Emittance compensation of a two-frequency RF gun

To illustrate the right set of RF parameters for emittance compensation,a transverse emittance monitoring point is set at the exit of a 1.5m drift downstream the gun.As shown in Table 2,at ?0=52.5?the energy spread at gun exit and the transverse emittance are bigger than at ?0=47?.The energy spread at the gun exit is not minimized at ?0=52.5?, which indicates that the chromatic aberration effect is not minimized,so that the emittance compensation proceeds incorrectly.At ?0=47?,E3=14MV/m and ?3=4?,the energy spread is minimized,so that the transverse emittance at the drift exit is optimized.

IV.BUNCH COMPRESSION WITH A TWO-FREQUENCY GUN

As mentioned above,the 3rdharmonic helps linearize the energy chirp for the process of bunch compression.What is more,by over compensating the 2ndorder energy chirp which imports an extra 2ndorder energy chirp,the two-frequency gun can provide harmonic compensation for bunch compression[6].As mentioned in Sec.III B,such an extra 2ndorder energy chirp can be produced at E3=20MV/m.The lattice of SDUV-FEL at SINAP,as shown in Fig.6,was used to simulate the process of bunch compression,performed with a 800-pC 20-ps long bunch in presence of the space charge.All settings of the S-band and chicane are the same for the cases with and without the 3rdharmonic.

As shown in Fig.7(a),the 3rdharmonic could improve the beam current distribution at the exit of the bunch compressor.The symmetry bunch distribution of the case with the 3rdharmonic is better than the case without the 3rdharmonic. As mentioned in Sec.III B,the bunch shall be over compensated at the gun exit by the 3rdharmonic at E3=20MV/m. To evaluate its effect on emittance compensation,the transverse emittance is studied in presence of the space charge. As shown in Fig.7(b),the transverse emittance evolution is not deteriorated obviously,compared with the optimal case in Table 2.

V.CONCLUSION

Fig.6.(Color online)The lattice of SDUV.

Fig.7.(Color online)Beam current(a)and transverse emittance(b)as function of relative distance at the exit of chicane at 800pC of charge, at E1=100MV/m,E3=20MV/m,?0=47?and ?3=4?.

A 1.5 cell two-frequency RF gun,working at 2998MHz and 8994MHz,is designed by SUPERFISH.Beam dynamics simulations demonstrate the advantages of a two-frequency RF gun over a single-frequency gun when generating high charge(nC)and high brightness electron beams.Besides, harmonic compensation for bunch compression by manipulating the harmonic component in the two-frequency RF gun is explored.Compared with a single-frequency RF gun without a harmonic linac,simulations show a symmetric bunch compression with comparable transverse emittance.Compared with the case of two-frequency gun without harmonic compensation,the transverse emittance is a bit larger,which indicates the extra 2ndorder energy chirp in the gun for downstream beam energy chirp linearization deteriorates the emittance compensation.

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(Received February 20,2014;accepted in revised form April 16,2014;published online August 10,2014)

10.13538/j.1001-8042/nst.25.040101

?Corresponding author,zhaozhentang@sinap.ac.cn