建筑設(shè)計(jì)：坂茂建筑事務(wù)所

集裝箱臨時(shí)住宅，女川, 日本

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：坂茂建筑事務(wù)所

1 夜景/Night view

自2011年3月11日日本東北大地震以來(lái)，我們已經(jīng)考察了50多個(gè)紙制隔斷體系（PPS）的避難設(shè)施，總計(jì)1800多個(gè)2m×2m單元的戶間私密性。當(dāng)時(shí)，我聽(tīng)說(shuō)女川町由于缺少平地，無(wú)法建造足夠的臨時(shí)住宅。因此我們提出用貨運(yùn)集裝箱建造3層的臨時(shí)住宅。棋盤(pán)式的交錯(cuò)布置體系在這些集裝箱之間營(yíng)造出開(kāi)敞明亮的生活空間。政府提供的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)臨時(shí)住宅質(zhì)量較差，儲(chǔ)物空間也不足。在志愿者和善款的幫助下，我們的住宅全部安裝了內(nèi)置的櫥柜和架子。這一創(chuàng)新將成為政府避難設(shè)施和臨時(shí)住宅新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的范本。

集裝箱臨時(shí)住宅的特點(diǎn)

臨時(shí)住宅已開(kāi)始用于災(zāi)區(qū)，不過(guò)數(shù)量仍供不應(yīng)求。一個(gè)主要原因是大部分受災(zāi)的濱海區(qū)地勢(shì)不平。由于臨時(shí)住宅通常適用于平地，所以要提供所需的戶數(shù)十分困難。我們?cè)趯m城縣女川町把現(xiàn)成的貨運(yùn)集裝箱（約6m高/20英尺）以棋盤(pán)式疊成住宅，最高3層。

集裝箱臨時(shí)住宅的特點(diǎn)是：利用現(xiàn)成集裝箱可以縮短施工時(shí)間；寬敞的間隔可以為停車場(chǎng)、社區(qū)設(shè)施及各戶的私密性提供便利；棋盤(pán)式的布局能夠在戶間營(yíng)造開(kāi)敞的生活空間；良好的抗震性能；可作為永久公寓使用。

戶型平面

戶型根據(jù)貨運(yùn)集裝箱的布置可分為3種：19.8m2、29.7m2和39.6m2。19.8m2供單人或雙人居住，29.7m2為3～4人，39.6m2是4人以上。

紙?jiān)飚?huà)室

這個(gè)畫(huà)室是日本畫(huà)家千住博為捐給宮城縣女川町而設(shè)計(jì)的。疊置集裝箱臨時(shí)住宅建在原有的一座棒球場(chǎng)上。坡形的結(jié)構(gòu)框架是由直徑336mm的紙筒和木節(jié)點(diǎn)組成的。10個(gè)框架間隔1.2m?？蚣苤g是架子，既可用于儲(chǔ)物也可用于陳列。這些架子的背板可以避免框架變形。畫(huà)室的外表面為聚碳酸酯瓦楞板。北立面上有高側(cè)窗提供柔和的自然光。

社區(qū)中心

現(xiàn)場(chǎng)疊置的集裝箱臨時(shí)住宅帶來(lái)的大間距為社區(qū)中心的設(shè)計(jì)提供了可能性。與臨時(shí)住宅的6m高的集裝箱一樣，社區(qū)中心兩側(cè)各有一個(gè)集裝箱，分別是設(shè)備間和倉(cāng)庫(kù)。兩個(gè)集裝箱之間架起一個(gè)木屋頂，可以同時(shí)容納70人就座。天花板為日本柳杉，地板來(lái)自宮城縣本地。（尚晉 譯）

Since the 3.11 earthquake, we have visited more than 50 evacuation facilities with 1800 units of 2m × 2m with family privacy. During that time, I learned that Onagawa had difficulty in constructing enough temporary shelters due to the lack of flat land. Therefore, we proposed threestory temporary residential buildings made from shipping containers. By stacking these containers in a checkerboard fashion, bright open living spaces were created between the containers. The standard temporary housing provided by the government was of poor quality and there was not enough storage space. We installed built-in closets and shelves in all of our houses with the help of volunteers and with the donation fund. It will become an example of new standards for the evacuation facilities and temporary housing provided by the government.

The Characteristics of Temporary Container Housing

Temporary housing has been deployed in disaster areas. However, the amount of housing is insufficient. The main reason is that most of the damaged coastal areas are not flat lands. As temporary housing is suitable for flat lands, it is difficult provide the numbers of unit needed. In Onagawa, Miyagi prefecture we built residential buildings by stacking existing shipping containers (about 6.1 meters or 20 feet high) in a checkerboard pattern up to three stories.

The characteristics of temporary container housing: Shortening the construction period by usage of existing containers; the wide space between buildings can be used as parking lots, community facility and privacy of families are ensured; open living space can be obtained in the checkerboard pattern; having excellent seismic performance; can be used as a permanent apartment building.

Unit plan

There are three types of plans, 19.82, 29.72and 39.62. 19.82is for one or two residents, 29.72for three to four and 39.62for more than four.

Paper Atelier

This atelier is designed to be donated to Onagawa, Miyagi prefecture, by Japanese painter Hiroshi Senju. The temporary container housing is located in an existing baseball field. The sloped structural frame is composed of wood joints and paper tubes with a diameter of 336mm. Ten frameworks are spaced 1.2m apart. Between the frames there are shelves, which can be used for storage as well as for display. The backboard of the shelves prevents deformation of the frame. Corrugated polycarbonate sheets make up the exterior of the atelier, with clerestory along the north facade to allow soft and natural light to get in.

Community Center

By stacking the temporary container housing on site, wide spacing is achieved for the community center. Similar to the 20 foot containers of the temporary housing, two containers are placed on either side of the community center, which serve as mechanical and storage spaces. Between the containers a wooden roof structure is constructed, which provides seating for 70 people. The Japanese cedar wood is used for the ceiling and the floor came from Miyagi prefecture.

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: Shigeru Ban, Nobutaka Hiraga,

Jun Matsumori, Yasunori Harano, Reiji Watabe, Voluntary Architects' Network

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)/Structural Engineers: Arup

設(shè)備設(shè)計(jì)/Mechanical Engineers: TSP Taiyo Inc.

總承建方/General Contractor: TSP Taiyo Inc.

建成時(shí)間/Construction Period: 2011.11

攝影/Photos: Hiroyuki Hirai

2 19.8m2戶型/19.8m2type

3 29.7 m2戶型/29.7 m2type

4 39.6 m2戶型/39.6 m2type

5 市場(chǎng)/Market

6 分解示意/Exploded diagram

7 軸測(cè)/Axonometric view

評(píng)論

劉彤彤：這個(gè)作品可以是“建造的關(guān)愛(ài)”的最佳注腳。本案最可貴之處，是在災(zāi)后臨時(shí)住宅有限的空間內(nèi)，確保居住者的私密性，并盡可能提升居住的品質(zhì)。作品中傾注的不僅是高超的專業(yè)技巧，更有對(duì)使用者的無(wú)盡關(guān)懷。建筑師不再是高高在上的施予者；他提供的也不再是遮風(fēng)避雨的庇護(hù)所，而是可以容納尊嚴(yán)、隱私，充滿希望的生活空間。

柳亦春：哪里有地震，哪里就有坂茂。災(zāi)難將我們逼回了對(duì)生存基本保障的空間的思考，安全、快速、心理?yè)嵛俊I(yè)用的集裝箱適應(yīng)了快速建造的需求，有效的切割令空間變得開(kāi)敞，滿足了較好的居住質(zhì)量。坂茂的紙管輕型建造系統(tǒng)雖然并不適宜于大量性的建造，卻能夠在災(zāi)難面前承擔(dān)心靈庇護(hù)所的角色，因?yàn)樗^對(duì)地輕，溫暖、圓柔，給災(zāi)難后的人們以安全感，建筑學(xué)得以拋開(kāi)任何歷史的羈絆，回到對(duì)基本建造所帶來(lái)的關(guān)于庇護(hù)的價(jià)值的討論。

Comments

LIU Tongtong: This work could be the best footnote for "To Build with Care". The biggest highlight of this design is to ensure privacy between families in the limited space of temporary housing, and to raise the living quality for its residents. Super professional skills are poured into the design, as well as endless caring for its residents. Here the architect is no longer a superior "almsgiver". What he offers is also no longer a shelter from the storm, but a living space full of hope, a space in which dignity and privacy can be contained.

LIU Yichun: Wherever there is an earthquake, there will be Shigeru Ban. Disasters force us to reflect on the basic requirements a living space, such as security, speed, and psychological consolation. While shipping containers satisfy the needs of quick construction, effective cutting opens up spaces and allows a better quality of life. Although Shigeru Ban's light paper tube structural system is not suitable for mass production, it fulfills the role of a "heart shelter" in face of disaster, for it is absolutely light, warm, round, soft, and able to give people a sense of security after their suffers. In this way, architecture is able to break away from the fetter of history and return to the discussions on the values of shelter brought about by basic construction.

Container Temporary Housing, Onagawa, Japan, 2011

Architects: Shigeru Ban Architects

8.9 內(nèi)景/Interior view

10 社區(qū)中心外景/Community center exterior

11 社區(qū)中心內(nèi)景/Community center interior

12 紙?jiān)飚?huà)室外景/Atelier exterior

13 紙?jiān)飚?huà)室內(nèi)景/Atelier interior

14 市場(chǎng)開(kāi)業(yè)典禮/Market at opening ceremony

15 市場(chǎng)內(nèi)景/Market interior