張 旭,鮑毅新,劉 軍,沈良良,章書(shū)聲,方平福
(浙江師范大學(xué)生態(tài)研究所,金華 321004)
千島湖島嶼社鼠的種群數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)特征
張 旭,鮑毅新*,劉 軍,沈良良,章書(shū)聲,方平福
(浙江師范大學(xué)生態(tài)研究所,金華 321004)
2009年7月至11月以及2010年3月至11月在千島湖地區(qū)2個(gè)島嶼上對(duì)社鼠(Niviventerconfucianus)種群進(jìn)行標(biāo)志重捕,通過(guò)對(duì)社鼠種群數(shù)量變動(dòng)、更新率、居留時(shí)間以及氣候?qū)ΨN群數(shù)量影響的研究,探討在陸橋島嶼環(huán)境下社鼠種群數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)的規(guī)律。結(jié)果顯示:兩島種群數(shù)量均是上半年數(shù)量處于高峰,而下半年數(shù)量較低,超過(guò)環(huán)境承載力可能是種群下降的主要原因,島嶼環(huán)境對(duì)社鼠數(shù)量季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)的影響與陸地環(huán)境有所不同;兩島社鼠的種群更新率均較低,這也說(shuō)明在缺乏遷入和遷出的陸橋島嶼上,僅僅依靠出生和死亡來(lái)完成種群的更新,其種群更新率是較低的。根據(jù)對(duì)社鼠居留時(shí)間的研究,兩島上社鼠的生態(tài)壽命有可能只有一年左右,這比以往研究認(rèn)為社鼠的生態(tài)壽命約一年半或更長(zhǎng)一些明顯縮短,這可能與陸橋島嶼較特殊的生存環(huán)境有關(guān);月平均氣溫處于10—22 ℃對(duì)于社鼠種群的維持和增長(zhǎng)是有利的,當(dāng)月平均氣溫超過(guò)22 ℃時(shí),似乎對(duì)社鼠種群是不利的。高溫而少雨,可能是導(dǎo)致夏季社鼠種群數(shù)量下降的原因之一。
種群數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài);種群更新率;居留時(shí)間;千島湖島嶼;社鼠(Niviventerconfucianus)
生境片段化是近來(lái)生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)[1]。在生境片段化過(guò)程中獸類(lèi)成為最為脆弱的類(lèi)群之一,生境片段化可能是許多獸類(lèi)種群生存的最大威脅[2]。小型獸類(lèi)處于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的中心位置,其通過(guò)食物鏈或網(wǎng)及間接作用幾乎和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的所有物種發(fā)生聯(lián)系[3],因此研究生境片段化對(duì)小型獸類(lèi)的影響具有重要意義。
島嶼化是一種典型的生境片段化,其有許多顯著特征,如地理隔離,生物類(lèi)群簡(jiǎn)單,動(dòng)物區(qū)系組成和歷史清楚的特點(diǎn),再加上島嶼數(shù)量眾多、不同島嶼在形狀、大小和隔離度等方面都不相同,這些特點(diǎn)使得其成為生態(tài)學(xué)家檢驗(yàn)理論和驗(yàn)證假說(shuō)的天然實(shí)驗(yàn)室[4- 6]。近年來(lái),國(guó)內(nèi)外在島嶼隔離對(duì)植物[7- 11]、爬行類(lèi)[12- 13]、鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)[14- 19]等的影響方面已開(kāi)展了較多的研究。另外,國(guó)內(nèi)在對(duì)小型獸類(lèi)的物種多樣性[20]、年齡結(jié)構(gòu)和繁殖狀況[21]、個(gè)體形態(tài)[22]、巢區(qū)和領(lǐng)域[23]、遺傳多樣性[24]的影響方面也逐步開(kāi)展了一些研究工作,并取得了一定的成果。
生境片段化導(dǎo)致原生境的總面積減小,產(chǎn)生了隔離的異質(zhì)種群,影響到個(gè)體的行為特性[25- 26],進(jìn)而影響到群落組成及種群動(dòng)態(tài)[27- 29]。而生存于小生境片段中的小種群具有很高的絕滅風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[30]。種群動(dòng)態(tài)是種群生態(tài)學(xué)的核心問(wèn)題,而種群數(shù)量是種群動(dòng)態(tài)研究的最基本內(nèi)容。對(duì)于陸橋島嶼生境下鼠類(lèi)種群數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)的研究尚未見(jiàn)報(bào)道。因此,在探討了陸橋島嶼環(huán)境下估算社鼠種群數(shù)量的適用方法[31]的基礎(chǔ)上,選取千島湖島嶼對(duì)社鼠的種群數(shù)量變動(dòng)、種群更新率、種群居留時(shí)間以及氣候?qū)ΨN群數(shù)量的影響進(jìn)行研究,消除島嶼間的遷移和擴(kuò)散等因素對(duì)其影響,驗(yàn)證假設(shè):(1)陸橋島嶼環(huán)境對(duì)社鼠數(shù)量季節(jié)消長(zhǎng)的影響與陸地環(huán)境有所不同;(2)社鼠通過(guò)種群水平上的一些改變來(lái)適應(yīng)片段化生境,使種群得以延續(xù)。
1.1 標(biāo)志重捕
根據(jù)以往的經(jīng)驗(yàn),由于冬季12月至翌年2月環(huán)境溫度較低,捕獲鼠若在鼠籠內(nèi)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng),食物不足、低溫和產(chǎn)熱過(guò)多會(huì)導(dǎo)致部分個(gè)體的死亡,從而影響研究的結(jié)果,因此在此期間不進(jìn)行重捕。為了獲得重復(fù)數(shù)據(jù)和便于對(duì)比分析,選取千島湖地區(qū)面積適當(dāng)、生境類(lèi)型相似的兩個(gè)島嶼作為研究樣地。對(duì)A島(2009年10月 — 11月以及2010年3月 — 11月)和B島(2009年7月 — 11月以及2010年3月 — 11月)的社鼠種群進(jìn)行標(biāo)志重捕,所得數(shù)據(jù)采用修正Lincoln指數(shù)法計(jì)算兩個(gè)島嶼上的社鼠種群數(shù)量。樣地概況、標(biāo)志重捕以及數(shù)量計(jì)算的方法參見(jiàn)文獻(xiàn)[31]。
1.2 種群更新率
用以下公式對(duì)種群更新率進(jìn)行分析[32]:
式中,θT是種群更新率,γ是T時(shí)間種群中存在的新個(gè)體的總數(shù),NT是T時(shí)間種群總個(gè)體數(shù)量。
1.3 數(shù)據(jù)處理
采用SPSS 17.0數(shù)據(jù)分析軟件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。相關(guān)性分析均采用線性回歸,顯著和極顯著水平分別為P≤0.05和P≤0.01。作圖均采用Excel 2003軟件進(jìn)行。
2.1 種群數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)
整個(gè)取樣期間(2009年7月 — 11月以及2010年3月 — 11月)共標(biāo)志社鼠177只,釋放2240只次,其中A島標(biāo)志96只,釋放1193只次;B島標(biāo)志81只,釋放1047只次。分別用修正Lincoln指數(shù)法對(duì)兩個(gè)島嶼上社鼠種群數(shù)量進(jìn)行計(jì)算。
A、B兩島社鼠種群數(shù)量估算結(jié)果顯示(圖1),每月種群數(shù)量變化整體趨勢(shì)基本一致,上半年數(shù)量處于高峰,而下半年數(shù)量較低。A島6月(55.74只)和B島4月(52.27只)均是在種群數(shù)量超過(guò)50只后開(kāi)始下降,而B(niǎo)島在6月之后數(shù)量相對(duì)于A島下降的更快。
2.2 種群更新率
對(duì)社鼠種群更新率的計(jì)算結(jié)果表明(圖2),兩島差異不顯著(t=1.097,df= 9,P=0.301)。社鼠種群的更新率都比較低,除了2009年11月—2010年3月期間的種群更新率超過(guò)了50%,其他兩個(gè)捕鼠期之間種群更新率均低于50%。
圖1 兩島社鼠種群數(shù)量變化 Fig.1 Population dynamics of Niviventer confucianus in A and B islands
圖2 兩島社鼠的種群更新率 Fig.2 Turnover rate of Niviventer confucianus population in A and B islands
2.3 種群個(gè)體居留時(shí)間
兩島在整個(gè)取樣期間50%以上的個(gè)體均只捕到1—2次,A島80%的個(gè)體捕5次以下,而B(niǎo)島80%的個(gè)體捕4次以下;A島最長(zhǎng)居留時(shí)間為9個(gè)月,平均居留時(shí)間為(3.40±0.24)月;而B(niǎo)島最長(zhǎng)為11個(gè)月,平均居留時(shí)間為(3.20±0.27)月。從圖3和圖4中可以看到,A島社鼠種群中雌雄個(gè)體的居留時(shí)間的差異顯著(x2=15.894,df=8,P=0.044<0.05),雌性居留時(shí)間(4.20±0.38)月要長(zhǎng)于雄性(2.55±0.24)月;而B(niǎo)島與A島有一定差異,社鼠種群中雌性(2.68±0.27)月和雄性(3.81±0.48)月個(gè)體的居留時(shí)間沒(méi)有顯著差異(x2=9.225,df=10,P=0.511>0.05)。
2.4 氣候條件與種群數(shù)量的關(guān)系
2.4.1 月平均氣溫
經(jīng)Pearson相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,兩島月平均氣溫與種群數(shù)量均沒(méi)有顯著相關(guān)性(A島:r=-0.04,df=11,P=0.906;B島:r=-0.248,df=14,P=0.393)。但從圖5可以看出,除B島2010年4月外,月平均氣溫處于10—22 ℃對(duì)于社鼠種群的維持和增長(zhǎng)是有利的,而當(dāng)平均氣溫超過(guò)22 ℃(A島:2010年6—9月;B島2009年7—9月和2010年6—9月)時(shí),種群數(shù)量則下降。
圖3 A島社鼠種群雌雄個(gè)體居留時(shí)間 Fig.3 Residence time of Niviventer confucianus population in A island
圖4 B島社鼠種群雌雄個(gè)體居留時(shí)間 Fig.4 Residence time of Niviventer confucianus population in B island
2.4.2 月降雨量
經(jīng)Pearson相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,兩島月降雨量與種群數(shù)量沒(méi)有顯著相關(guān)性(A島:r= 0.393,df=11,P=0.232;B島:r= 0.488,df=14,P=0.076)。A島在氣溫較高的2010年6—9月,月降雨量除2010年7月之外都較低(圖6);B島在氣溫較高的2009年7—9月和2010年6—9月,月降雨量(除2009年7月和2010年7月外)較低(圖6)。
圖5 兩島月平均氣溫與種群數(shù)量的關(guān)系 Fig.5 Monthly average temperature and population quantity in A and B islands
圖6 兩島月降雨量與種群數(shù)量的關(guān)系 Fig.6 Monthly rainfall and population quantity in A and B islands
3.1 陸橋島嶼環(huán)境下的種群數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)
千島湖地區(qū)的島嶼是典型的片段化生境,是一種天然的圍欄。一方面,因適宜生境斑塊面積較小,生存所需的食物來(lái)源、活動(dòng)范圍等受到限制,生理機(jī)能處在較高的耐受狀態(tài),外界因素的影響作用明顯加強(qiáng),種群變得相對(duì)脆弱,波動(dòng)性變大[27- 28,33];另一方面,圍欄所導(dǎo)致的圍欄效應(yīng)(fence effect)會(huì)對(duì)孤立島嶼上的小型哺乳動(dòng)物種群產(chǎn)生影響。例如,種群增長(zhǎng)達(dá)到較高的密度后,由于資源的過(guò)度消耗,種群數(shù)量急劇下降[34]。作為孤立的島嶼,小型哺乳動(dòng)物無(wú)法或很少能在島嶼間擴(kuò)散,其種群數(shù)量受制于環(huán)境的容納量。在一般情況下,一個(gè)島嶼的環(huán)境容納量維持在相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的水平,只有當(dāng)環(huán)境發(fā)生較大的變化時(shí)環(huán)境容納量才會(huì)發(fā)生較大的改變。本研究表明,在環(huán)境條件(面積、植被、氣候等)相似的A、B兩島中,社鼠的種群數(shù)量在超過(guò)50只后均開(kāi)始下降??梢?jiàn),在面積和生境相似的島嶼上,環(huán)境承載力[35]也相似。因此,這是導(dǎo)致A島6月后數(shù)量開(kāi)始下降、B島4月后數(shù)量開(kāi)始下降的主要原因。
破碎的生境改變了原來(lái)生境能夠提供的食物的質(zhì)和量,同時(shí)也改變了隱蔽物的效能和物種間的聯(lián)系,因此增加了捕食率和種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)[36]。獸類(lèi)捕食者對(duì)種群密度的作用屬于反密度制約類(lèi)型,也就是捕食者只在獵物種群密度降低時(shí)發(fā)揮作用[37]。捕食的直接后果就是增大了獵物種群內(nèi)的死亡率。另外,捕食風(fēng)險(xiǎn)還可能改變哺乳動(dòng)物獵物的活動(dòng)量,例如巢區(qū)和棲息地的利用、覓食和生殖方式等[38- 39]。獵物通過(guò)對(duì)捕食風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的反應(yīng),可能影響生殖適合度,最終導(dǎo)致種群數(shù)量下降[40]。而種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)也可以通過(guò)影響不同物種的棲息地利用,間接地影響競(jìng)爭(zhēng)種群內(nèi)個(gè)體的存活率[41- 43]。食物、捕食和種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)一起具有更強(qiáng)的累加效應(yīng)[44- 45]。在研究過(guò)程中,發(fā)現(xiàn)雖然兩島的生境類(lèi)型基本相似,但B島上青毛碩鼠(Berylmysbowersi)的數(shù)量要明顯多于A島,而且6—8月在該島上發(fā)現(xiàn)有野豬活動(dòng)的痕跡,因此種間競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和捕食可能對(duì)該島種群數(shù)量變動(dòng)的影響較大,這也許是導(dǎo)致B島在6月之后數(shù)量相對(duì)于A島下降的更快的主要原因。
另外,島嶼環(huán)境的特殊性會(huì)對(duì)社鼠種群數(shù)量的季節(jié)性變化產(chǎn)生一定的影響。根據(jù)Terborgh等[46]的研究方法結(jié)合研究區(qū)域的實(shí)際情況,可將千島湖的島嶼依據(jù)面積(S)劃分為 3 種類(lèi)型:大型島嶼(S>30 hm2)、中型島嶼(2 hm2
3.2 種群更新和居留時(shí)間
研究種群的更新,是了解種群數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)的重要內(nèi)容之一[51]。本研究表明社鼠的種群更新率較低,這也說(shuō)明在缺乏遷入和遷出的陸橋島嶼上,僅僅依靠出生和死亡來(lái)完成種群的更新,其種群更新率是較低的。
生境的破碎化導(dǎo)致生境面積的縮小對(duì)于動(dòng)物種群存在一定的生存壓力。對(duì)鳥(niǎo)類(lèi)的研究表明,生境斑塊的面積縮小對(duì)種群遺傳狀況的影響主要通過(guò)減小局部種群來(lái)改變一系列微進(jìn)化過(guò)程[52],如近交衰退,隨機(jī)漂變等。劉軍等[24]通過(guò)對(duì)千島湖13個(gè)島嶼上社鼠的種群遺傳信息及遺傳多樣性與生境面積之間的相關(guān)性分析,從分子水平上推測(cè)千島湖地區(qū)生境面積的縮小可能引發(fā)社鼠種群快速進(jìn)化,以適應(yīng)相對(duì)狹小的生存空間。而片段化生境同樣也導(dǎo)致社鼠在種群水平上發(fā)生了改變,千島湖中型島嶼9—10月社鼠的平均胎仔數(shù)達(dá)到5.17只[21],明顯高于相近緯度浙江金華社鼠的3.77只[53]和洞庭湖區(qū)的3.7只[54],與緯度較高的北京地區(qū)的5.2只[55]和天津地區(qū)的4.5只[48]相接近。而本研究中,根據(jù)社鼠的居留時(shí)間,考慮到幼鼠從出生到能獨(dú)立生活需要一定的時(shí)間,同時(shí)由于幼年鼠個(gè)體小,容易鐵絲孔中逃出鼠籠,降低重捕率,以及捕食、疾病等造成個(gè)體的死亡等因素,兩島上社鼠的生態(tài)壽命有可能只有一年左右,這比以往研究認(rèn)為社鼠的生態(tài)壽命達(dá)一年半以上明顯縮短[55]。動(dòng)物的生態(tài)壽命反映了生存條件的優(yōu)劣,生態(tài)壽命長(zhǎng),說(shuō)明生存條件優(yōu)越[56]。陸橋島嶼環(huán)境下,其生存條件較為特殊,其生態(tài)壽命縮短。對(duì)個(gè)體小的物種,由于壽命的縮短,促使性早熟而早生后代,后代生育時(shí)間縮短,世代更新變快,這樣能產(chǎn)生更多具遺傳異質(zhì)性的后代,生態(tài)適應(yīng)幅度增大,進(jìn)化速度變快[57]。因此,社鼠通過(guò)增加胎仔數(shù)、縮短生態(tài)壽命、改變更新率和居留時(shí)間等種群水平上的變化來(lái)適應(yīng)片段化生境,使種群得以延續(xù)。
3.4 氣候條件與種群數(shù)量的關(guān)系
氣候條件是影響鼠類(lèi)種群數(shù)量變動(dòng)的重要因素之一,其通過(guò)影響鼠類(lèi)的繁殖成功率[58]、生存環(huán)境的食物和隱蔽條件[59]等而影響種群數(shù)量。Pennycuik[60]和Triggs[61]認(rèn)為小家鼠(Musmusculus)的種群數(shù)量變化與氣候變化(如溫度和降水量)有關(guān)。陳安國(guó)等[62]認(rèn)為,氣溫、積雪等對(duì)新疆的小家鼠數(shù)量變化有影響。
本研究表明,月平均氣溫處于10—22℃對(duì)于社鼠種群的維持和增長(zhǎng)是有利的。氣溫穩(wěn)定在10 ℃以上,可能是鼠類(lèi)進(jìn)行繁殖的必要溫度[49]。一般認(rèn)為,平均氣溫達(dá)到10 ℃是進(jìn)入春季的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[63],千島湖高覆蓋的森林植被與水體調(diào)溫的綜合效應(yīng),形成了春暖早,秋寒遲的特殊小氣候,無(wú)霜期達(dá)到263 d[64],而這一特點(diǎn)一方面就使鼠類(lèi)的繁殖期開(kāi)始較早,而繁殖期開(kāi)始早晚對(duì)當(dāng)年種群的季節(jié)性變化特點(diǎn)及全年的種群數(shù)量水平都有較大影響,較早地開(kāi)始繁殖會(huì)有利于越冬成體繁殖更多的胎數(shù),使當(dāng)年生個(gè)體盡早成熟參加繁殖以補(bǔ)充越冬成體的死亡,從而有利于其數(shù)量的增長(zhǎng)[56]。另一方面有利于植物生長(zhǎng),為鼠類(lèi)提供了豐富的食物和良好的隱蔽條件。適宜的氣溫、充沛的雨水和優(yōu)越的食物條件都利于鼠類(lèi)繁殖,促使其數(shù)量增加。雖然社鼠能通過(guò)各種生理、行為的調(diào)節(jié)來(lái)適應(yīng)溫度的變化,對(duì)溫度具有較強(qiáng)的耐受性,但從本研究結(jié)果來(lái)看,當(dāng)月平均氣溫超過(guò)22 ℃時(shí),似乎對(duì)社鼠種群也是不利的。
已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),年降雨量是影響長(zhǎng)爪沙鼠(Merionesunguiculatus)種群數(shù)量的最重要的氣候因子[65- 66]。關(guān)于降雨量對(duì)嚙齒動(dòng)物種群數(shù)量的影響,張知彬和王祖望[67]認(rèn)為,雨量對(duì)不同鼠類(lèi)的影響是不一致的,如夏季降雨對(duì)紅背鼠平(Clethrionomysrutilus)、大林姬鼠(Apodemuspeninsulae)、長(zhǎng)爪沙鼠種群增長(zhǎng)有利,但對(duì)小家鼠、大倉(cāng)鼠(Cricetulustriton)、黑線倉(cāng)鼠(Cricetulusbarabensis)卻不利。本研究中,在氣溫較高的6—9月,較低的月降雨量對(duì)社鼠種群是不利的。氣溫和降水量等氣候因素是彼此相互聯(lián)系、相互影響的,并非單獨(dú)地對(duì)鼠類(lèi)種群數(shù)量和變動(dòng)發(fā)生作用,而是綜合對(duì)種群發(fā)生作用[68]。高溫而少雨,可能是導(dǎo)致夏季社鼠種群數(shù)量下降的原因之一。
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PopulationdynamicsofNiviventerconfucianusinThousandIslandLake
ZHANG Xu, BAO Yixin*, LIU Jun, SHEN Liangliang, ZHANG Shusheng, FANG Pingfu
InstituteofEcology,ZhejiangNormalUniversity,Jinhua321004,China
Habitat fragmentation has been a hot topic in ecological research field during recent years, and mammals are widely believed as one of the most vulnerable species in the process of habitat fragmentation. In the present study, we studied the population dynamics ofNiviventerconfucianusin Thousand Island Lake region which consists of a number of islands. From October 2009 to November 2010, we live-trapped twoNiviventerconfucianuspopulations in two islands A and B with similar area and environmental situation using capture-mark-recapture (CMR) method, and studied the impact of habitat fragmentation on the population dynamics ofNiviventerconfucianus. During the study period, the fluctuation of population, turnover rate, time of residency and effects of climate factors on the populations ofNiviventerconfucianusin both islands were investigated. Our results showed that the population in both islands began to decease when the animal number in the individual population was over 50, suggesting the both islands with similar area and environmental situation have similar environmental carrying capacity. We also found much moreBerylmysbowersiand wild boars in island B than those in island A during June to August, indicating higher living pressure forNiviventerconfucianusfrom inter specific competition and predation in island B, which might cause that the population ofNiviventerconfucianusin island B declined faster than the population in island A after June. Considering the lack of immigration and emigration in the land-bridge islands, which results in that the turnover rates were very low in the two populations, our observation indicates that the interspecific competition and predation may be the main factor affecting the population changes in the islands. In addition, we also observed that the seasonal change in the island environment has a certain impact on the populations ofNiviventerconfucianus. In the island environment, the population dynamics ofNiviventerconfucianushas its own characteristics, which verified our assumption that the impact of land-bridge island environment on the seasonal fluctuation of the number ofNiviventerconfucianusis different from terrestrial environment. Because of the poor living conditions in land-bridge islands, according to our study of the residence time ofNiviventerconfucianus, we infer that the ecological life of theNiviventerconfucianusliving in both islands might be only one year, which was significantly shorter than the ecological life of theNiviventerconfucianusliving in terrestrial environment in previous studies. Considering the shorter life expectancy and smaller body size of theNiviventerconfucianusliving in islands, they are suggested to have faster generations update to produce more genetic heterogeneity descendants, which could increase the ecological adaptation and promote the evolutionary speed. It was beneficial for the maintenance and growth ofNiviventerconfucianuspopulations when the monthly average temperature was 10—22 ℃, and it was unfavorable when the monthly average temperature exceeded 22 ℃. The high temperatures and drought might lead to the population decline ofNiviventerconfucianusin summer.
fluctuation of population; turnover rate; time of residency; land-bridge island; Chinese white-bellied rat (Niviventerconfucianus)
浙江省自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(Y507080)
2012- 05- 10;
2012- 11- 19
*通訊作者Corresponding author.E-mail: sky90@zjnu.cn
10.5846/stxb201205100685
張旭,鮑毅新,劉軍,沈良良,章書(shū)聲,方平福.千島湖島嶼社鼠的種群數(shù)量動(dòng)態(tài)特征.生態(tài)學(xué)報(bào),2013,33(15):4665- 4673.
Zhang X, Bao Y X, Liu J, Shen L L, Zhang S S, Fang P F.Population dynamics ofNiviventerconfucianusin Thousand Island Lake.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(15):4665- 4673.