[a]Shengli Oil Production Research Institute， SLOF， Sinopec， Shandong， China.

* Corresponding author.

Received 23 February 2013； accepted 29 March 2013

Abstract

Key words： Shallow and thin layer； Super heavy oil； The technology HDNS； Mechanism； Scheme optimization

Zhang， Z. P. （2013）. The Mechanism of HDNS and Study on Programme Optimization. Advances in Petroleum Exploration and Development， 5（1）， -0. Available from： URL： http：//www.cscanada.net/index.php/aped/article/view/j.aped.1925543820130501.1167

DOI： http：//dx.doi.org/10.3968/j.aped.1925543820130501.1167

INTRODUCTION

Xi Yuan Chun Feng Oil Field in Dzungarian Basin is shallow and thin layer. Its oil was heavy with high crude oil viscosity， shallow embedment， low layer temperature， and the natural energy is insufficient. There is no liquidity under the condition of reservoir and no production under the conventional testing for oil. It has adopted HDNS （steam + nitrogen gas+ dissolver） to product from 2009. Extensive application of HDNS is from 2011 and has been operated in 181 wells which have made significantly economic benefits. All of them have proved that HDNS is effective technical approach of exploiting the super heavy oil in shallow and thin layer. However， the cost of HDNS increases considerably compared with pure steam injection in thermal recovery. Therefore， we have to reduce operating costs under the circumstances of improving the injection strength of steam， nitrogen gas and dissolver， which are the essential requirements of HDNS.

1. MECHANISM OF HDNS PROCESS LEADING EFFECT

HDNS is a technique to improve development effect of shallow， super heavy oil reservoir in horizontal well through taking advantage of the complex role of dissolver， nitrogen and steam to heavy oil （Song， 2003； Gao et al.， 2003； Sun， 2012）.

1.1 Effects of Horizontal Well

（1） Compared with vertical well， the horizontal well has a broader spilling area and larger steam sweep volume which lay the foundation of decreasing steam injection pressure， enhancing the quality of steam injection and reinjection water rate.

（2） Provide a stable gas-cap space for nitrogen injection and constantly supply formation energy by nitrogen gas roof insulation.

（3） Slow down the invasion speed of edge water and bottom water as well as prolong the producing cycle of a single well.

1.2 Effects of Dissolver

Dissolver （Chen et al.， 2004） can enhance the oil recovery through reducing crude oil viscosity and steam injection start-up pressure and then improving steam displacement efficiency.

（1） Reduce oil viscosity

YR-2 dissolver was used in Pai601-Ping1 to test oil viscosity. The results show that under the temperature of 50 ℃， a 5% dosage brings about more than 73% viscosity reducing rate， a 10% dosage brings about more than 90% viscosity reducing rate.

（2） Reduce steam injection start-up pressure

Oil soluble viscosity reducers can greatly reduce the yield values （Li Shi， 2001） of thick oil and then reduce the starting pressure of steam injection. The results of numerical simulation show that： steam injection accompanied with oil soluble viscosity reducers can reduce 1～2 MPa of the starting pressure of steam injection.

Figure 1

Oil Soluble Viscosity Reluctant′s Effect on Displacement Efficiency

（3） Improve the steam displacement efficiency

Oil soluble viscosity reducers greatly improve the steam displacement efficiency. The results of tube displacement experiment show that as the increase of oil soluble viscosity reducer injection rate， the displacement efficiency will increase continuously. When oil soluble viscosity reducers reach 5.0%， the displacement efficiency improves more than 35%.

1.3 Effects of Nitrogen Gas

The partial pressure of nitrogen gas （Yu et al.， 2012）， Jamin effect and gravity differentiation of micro air bubble can improve the heating range of steam. In thermal recovery， we can replenish formation energy and improve the recovery rate of water. In addition， the nitrogen gas can improve the elastic energy of oil and reduce the viscosity of the crude oil.

（1） Reduce wellbore heat loss

Through the laboratory test data， under the same steam injection velocity， when injection nitrogen gas the heat loss of wellbore will reduce 3-5% ， this will improve bottom hole steam quality， and raise the utilization ratio of heat energy.

（2） Increase formation energy

Nitrogen is condensate gas with a higher expansibility than other gases （carbon dioxide， methane， flue gas and etc）. So after nitrogen gas is injected into formation， we should replenish formation energy in time. It can accelerate crude oil flowing back from formation and improve liquid withdrawal velocity.

（3） Improve the steam displacement efficiency

Laboratory results showed that nitrogen can improve the displacement efficiency for 9.34% to 17.96% by strengthening the distillation， and further increasing the steam sweep volume and efficiency.

1.4 Effects of Steam

（1） Reducing the crude oil viscosity， flow resistance and the interfacial tension.

（2） Increasing formation energy and improve crude oil output.

2. THE OPTIMIZATION OF HDNS TECHNOLOGY SCHEME

In order to use the HDNS technology scheme in the entire row of 601 blocks， there need to set up multiple reservoir geological model. According to row 601 blocks’ statistics of the scene， we can obtain the basic scope of several main reservoir parameters. Then we can make a reasonable divide of crude oil viscosity， reservoir depth， effective thickness， permeability and oil saturation into three grades， and set up a 35 geological model.

2.1 The Optimization of HDNS Technology Scheme

According to the reservoir parameters of the block 601， select one group of parameters as reservoir parameters of test Wells. The reservoir parameters are shown in Table 1.

2.3 The Results of HDNS Parameter Combination Scheme and Analysis of Its Influences

The orthogonal design （Wang et al.， 2010） were performed to design the scheme and analysis the result. In order to describe clearly， draw a picture for averages in different levels of each three parameters.

Figure 2

Averages in Different Levels of the Cyclic Steam Injection Rate

From Figure 2， it can be illustrated that net oil production drops rapidly when cyclic steam injection rate is over 10 m3/m. So the optimal value of steam injection rate is between 9.5～10.5 m3/m.

Figure 3

averages in Different Levels of the Nitrogen Injection Rate

From Figure 3， it can be illustrated that net oil production is the highest when the nitrogen injection rate is between 140-160 Nm3/m； so the optimal value of the nitrogen injection rate is between 140-160 Nm3/m.

Figure 4

Averages in Different Levels of the Oil-Soluble Viscosity Reducer Injection Rate

From Figure 4， it can be illustrated that the higher viscosity reducer injection rate is， the better recovery effect is. But when the viscosity reducer injection rate reaches 0.10 t/m， the trend of Net oil production growth becomes slower. So the optimal value of the viscosity reducer injection rate is 0.10 t/m.

CONCLUSION

（1） Low reservoir pressure and high viscosity of heavy oil in reservoir temperature is the main contradiction of shallow super-heavy oil reservoir. HDNS technology application significantly increased the formation pressure and the elastic energy， reduced the steam injection starting pressure， ensured that the temperature field uniform development enlarged the heating radius and drainage radius， extended the production cycle and improved the effect of thermal exploitation.

（2） Combined with P601 block reservoir geological characteristics， complete HDNS technology optimization research， adjustment should be undertaken according to single well status in the field production. During the cycle， steam， nitrogen and viscosity reducer injection rate should be arranged for effect of soak process.

（3） For thermal Unicom cross-well during soak process， Steam channeling management is the key point in the next step， and steam drive should be taken to improve oil recovery.

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