[摘要]目的:觀察自體富血小板纖維蛋白Choukroun's PRF(Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin)對體外培養(yǎng)人脂肪來源干細胞(adipose-derived stem cells,ADSCs)增殖及成骨分化能力的影響。方法:取吸脂術者自愿捐獻的脂肪組織分離培養(yǎng)ADSCs,采用Choukroun法制備自體PRF備用,觀察細胞生長情況。取第3代ADSCs分別向骨細胞、脂肪細胞、神經(jīng)球細胞定向誘導分化鑒定,并行細胞表面抗原CD29、CD45、CD90流式檢測鑒定。將第3代ADSCs分別采用含PRF的普通培養(yǎng)基(PRF組Ⅰ)和不含PRF的普通培養(yǎng)基(對照組Ⅰ)進行培養(yǎng),觀察細胞生長情況,培養(yǎng)1天、3天、5天、7天后采用CCK-8試劑檢測細胞增殖活性。另外分別采用含PRF的成骨誘導培養(yǎng)基(PRF組Ⅱ)、不含PRF的成骨誘導培養(yǎng)基(對照組Ⅱ)及不含PRF的普通培養(yǎng)基(空白組)進行培養(yǎng),第7天、14天、21天、28 天行堿性磷酸酶活性(ALP活性)檢測;誘導細胞培養(yǎng)后第7天、14天天各組分別行von Kossa染色觀察鈣結節(jié)形成情況。結果:第3代ADSCs倒置顯微鏡下觀察大多呈梭形,向骨細胞、脂肪細胞、神經(jīng)干細胞定向誘導鑒定均為陽性,流式檢測鑒定CD29、CD90為陽性,CD45為陰性。CCK-8法示PRF組Ⅰ的OD值均大于對照組Ⅰ,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。ALP活性檢測示PRF組Ⅱ第7天、14天、21天、28天細胞活性較對照組Ⅱ均大,兩組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.01)。PRF組Ⅱ成骨誘導7天后 von Kossa染色陽性;14天后陽性細胞增多,對照組Ⅱ誘導7天未見鈣結節(jié),14天見少量陽性鈣結節(jié),空白組培養(yǎng)14天未見黑色鈣結節(jié)。結論:Choukroun's PRF明顯促進脂肪干細胞增殖及成骨分化,為骨組織工程提供了新的技術。PRF與干細胞共同培養(yǎng)可能還有許多潛在的臨床及生物工程應用價值,值得進一步研究。
[關鍵詞]自體PRF;人脂肪來源干細胞(ADSCs);增殖;成骨分化
[中圖分類號]Q813.1 [文獻標識碼]A [文章編號]1008-6455(2013)01-0040-03
The effect of Choukroun's PRF on the proliferation and osteogenetic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro
LIU Yuan-yuan,LIU Da-lie,NAN Hua,HUANG Jia-cheng,SHAN Lei
(Department of Plastic and Aesthetic,Zhujiang Hospita of Nanfang Medical University,Guangzhou 510282,Guangdong,China)
Abstract: Objective To observe the effect of Choukroun's PRF (Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin) on the proliferation and osteogenetic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Methods Human ADSCs (adipose-derived stem cells) were isolated from adipose tissue obtained from donor undergoing liposuction and were cultured,and autologous PRF was prepared by Choukroun method,and growth condition of ADSCs was observed.ADSCs at passage 3 were cultured in adipogenic,osteogenetic and neurospheres differentiation medium and underwent identification,flow cytometric analysis for cell surface antigen CD29,CD45 and CD90 were performed. ADSCs at passage 3 cultured by common culture medium containing PRF (PRF groupⅠ), and cultured by common culture medium without PRF (control groupⅠ). Growth condition of the cells was observed by inverted microscope. CCK-8 method was used to observe cell proliferation activity 1,3,5,7 days after culture. Then ADSCs cultured by osteogenic induction culture medium containing PRF (PRF groupⅡ), cultured by osteogenic induction culture medium without PRF (control groupⅡ) and cultured by common culture medium without PRF (blank group).ALP activity detection was conducted 7,14,21 and 28 days after culture. Von Kossa staining was performed on the three groups 7 and 14 days after culture to detect the formation of calcium nodule. Results Most ADSCs at passage 3 were spindle-shaped under the inverted microscope. Adipogenic , osteogenetic and neurospheres differentiation were positive, and flow cytometric analysis of CD29 and CD90 were positive,CD45 were negative. CCK-8 method revealed the Optical Density value of PRF groupⅠwere all greater than control groupⅠ,and there were significant diferences between two groups (P<0.01). ALP activity detection demonstrated the cell activity value of PRF groupⅡ at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days was were all greater than control groupⅡ, and there were significant diferences between two groups (P<0.01). At 7 days after osteogenic induction,Von Kossa staining showed the formation of black calcium nodule in PRF groupⅡ,and after 14 days,the black calcium nodule were more. Control groupⅡwere not observed the black calcium nodule,and were observed a little. The blank group were still not observed after 14 days. Conclusion Choukroun's PRF can significantly improve the proliferation of human ADSCs and induce their osteogenic diferentiation in vitro, providing a new source of technology for bone tissue engineering. The potential clinical and Biological Engineering applications of a PRF and ADSCs conglomerate are numerous,and it was worthed for further research.
Key words:Autologous PRF; human adipose-derived stem cells; cell proliferation; osteogenetic differentiation
國內外許多研究已經(jīng)證明血小板濃縮物被激活后可釋放出多種細胞生長因子,1984年,Assion從人血漿提取富血小板血漿(platelet-rich plasma,PRP),大量研究表明PRP內富含血小板,血小板脫顆粒后,可以釋放大量生長因子,可促進軟硬組織愈合再生,已應用于整形美容和創(chuàng)傷外科等領域[1-2]。但由于PRP在制備過程中添加了異種凝血酶和抗凝劑,存在免疫排斥反應和感染性疾病傳播的危險,其應用一直存在爭議。2000年,法國學者Choukroun等[3]第一次制備提取了新一代血小板濃縮制品即富血小板纖維蛋白(Choukroun's platelet-rich fibrin,Choukroun's PRF),其延續(xù)了上一代血小板濃縮制品PRP的優(yōu)點,同時兼具成骨能力強的特點,其制備過程簡單,完全取自于自體血,無需添加任何生物制劑,避免了倫理道德的爭議及血液交叉感染的風險。因此具有較大的研究前景。自Zuk等[4]首次從吸脂術抽取的脂肪組織中分離出脂肪來源干細胞 (adipose-derived stem cells ADSCs)以來,體外培養(yǎng)的ADSCs表現(xiàn)出與BMSCs 類似的分化能力[5],而且ADSCs具有易獲得、可迅速擴增及多向分化潛能等特點,是一類具有廣闊應用前景的成體干細胞,為組織工程技術提供了良好的細胞來源。本實驗在體外條件下觀察自體PRP對人ADSCs增殖及成骨分化能力的影響,為骨組織工程提供一種新的前景。
1 主要試劑及組織來源
1.1 主要試劑:DMEM F12培養(yǎng)基、胎牛血(FBS)、PBS,Ⅰ型膠原酶、胰蛋白酶、CCK-8試劑(DOJINDO公司,日本),細胞表面抗原檢測用試劑鼠抗人CD29-PE、CD45-FITC、CD90-FITC(Biolegend公司,美國),nestin抗體(sigma公司,美國),地塞米松(日本分裝),β-甘油磷酸二鈉(sigma公司,美國),維生素C(Amresco公司,美國),von Kossa染色液、ALP 染色試劑盒。
1.2 組織來源:脂肪來自于正常無疾病的成人腹部及大腿脂肪抽脂術獲得的脂質部分,平均脂肪抽吸物50 ml。靜脈血來自相應脂肪來源的對應自愿者。
2 實驗方法
2.1 ADSCs的培養(yǎng)及鑒定:取吸脂術中吸出的脂質部分,緩沖液反復沖洗,剪碎,0.1%膠原酶37℃消化,1000r/min離心5min,去上清重懸,加入10%FBS,37℃、5% CO2孵箱培養(yǎng)過夜,72h后更換培養(yǎng)基,每3天更換培養(yǎng)基,待細胞生長融合達80%~90%傳代,取第3代細胞供實驗用。CD29-FITC、CD45-FITC、CD90-FITC細胞表面流式抗體檢測ADSCs表面抗原。取第3代ADSCs成骨、成脂及成神經(jīng)球分化并鑒定。
2.2 采用Choukroun法制備富血小板纖維蛋白(PRF):即刻采集志愿者靜脈血液5ml,快速將血液轉移至無菌負壓采血管,3min內3000r/min離心10min。靜置3~5min,棄上清,去除底層紅細胞碎片,收集中間纖維蛋白凝膠層,過濾去除血清,將Choukroun's PRF凝膠制成5mm×5mm每粒保存于液氮中備用。
2.3 PRF對ADSCs體外增殖的影響:CCK-8試劑測定細胞增殖,將ADSCs接種于96孔培養(yǎng)板中,每孔1×103個細胞,每孔加入100μl的細胞懸液,含PRF組Ⅰ及對照組Ⅰ,每組4個復孔。置于37℃,5%CO2孵箱培養(yǎng)1天、3天、5天、7天,分別觀察細胞形態(tài)特點。每孔加入10μl的CCK-8試劑,避光,酶標儀波長為450nm,測定吸光度OD值。
2.4 PRP對ADSCS成骨誘導的影響
2.4.1 成骨誘導的ALP活性檢測:取第3代ADSCs以1×105個/孔的密度接種于6孔板中,兩組分別加入對應培養(yǎng)基培養(yǎng)7、14、21、28 天后,PBS漂洗,加入300μl細胞裂解液,冰上裂解5min后收集,4 000r/min離心10min后取上清,ALP染色試劑盒檢測其活性,每個時間點重復3次,取平均值。
2.4.2 von Kossa染色觀察成骨誘導的鈣結節(jié)形成情況:取PRF組Ⅱ培養(yǎng)7、14 天的細胞爬片,4%的多聚甲醛固定1.5h, PBS漂洗,浸入1%硝酸銀水溶液,紫外光照射1h,蒸餾水沖洗;5%硫代硫酸鈉水溶液中浸2min;自來水沖洗,1%中性紅復染胞核30s;乙醇脫水;二甲苯透明, 樹脂封片。倒置顯微鏡下觀察,見黑色鈣結節(jié)的為陽性結果。對照組Ⅱ及空白組同法行染色。
2.5 統(tǒng)計學方法:采用SPSS13統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組比較采用t檢驗,P<0.01為有統(tǒng)計學意義。
3 結果
3.1 人ADSCs形態(tài)學觀察及鑒定:原代ADSCs培養(yǎng)4~5天可達80%~90%融合,傳代后細胞主要呈梭形,第3代ADSCs細胞如圖所示(圖1a)。成脂誘導14天,油紅O染色可見細胞內有鮮紅色透亮脂滴形成(圖1b)。成神經(jīng)球誘導5天,可見神經(jīng)球形成,第7天行nestin免疫熒光抗體檢測,可見典型的紅色熒光球形成(圖1c)。ADSCs表面抗原CD29、CD90、CD45流式檢測鑒定(圖2),陽性細胞率分別為93.8%、99.3%和0.4%。
3.2 CCK-8檢測細胞增殖:倒置顯微鏡觀察,PRF組Ⅰ細胞增殖較對照組Ⅰ明顯加速生長,聚集成團,其形態(tài)與對照組Ⅰ無明顯差異。CCK-8檢測,兩組OD值均逐漸增大,但各時間點PRF組Ⅰ的OD值均大于對照組Ⅰ,檢驗后有顯著差異(P<0.01)(見圖3)。
3.3 ALP活性檢測:PRF組Ⅱ ALP活性各時間點均明顯高于對照組Ⅱ,兩組比較有顯著統(tǒng)計學差異(P<0.01)(見表1)。
3.4 von Kossa染色:PRF組Ⅱ細胞經(jīng)成骨誘導7天 后,von Kossa染色見黑色鈣結節(jié),呈陽性,14天時染色黑色鈣結節(jié)明顯增多(圖4a、b)。對照組Ⅱ誘導7天未見鈣結節(jié),14天見少量陽性鈣結節(jié)(圖4c、d),空白組培養(yǎng)14天未見黑色鈣結節(jié)(圖4e)。
4 討論
富血小板纖維蛋白(Choukroun's PRF)做為第二代血漿制品,在延續(xù)第一代血漿濃縮物富血小板血漿(PRP)的基礎上,表現(xiàn)出了更多的優(yōu)點。從2000年起國外開始研究,已在口腔種植科、顱頜面外科、美容外科、創(chuàng)傷外科等多方面取得了一定的研究成果,證實Choukroun's PRF可以釋放大量生長因子,主要有轉化生長因子-β(TGF-β)、血小板衍生生長因子-AB(PDGF-AB) 類胰島素生長因子-Ⅰ(insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ,IGF-Ⅰ)等,這些生長因子促進成骨細胞增殖及分化,加速骨組織愈合,減輕周圍組織的炎癥反應,促進創(chuàng)口愈合[6-7]。并且有研究表明Choukroun's PRF具有三維立體網(wǎng)狀結構利于發(fā)揮生長因子間的協(xié)同作用,延長生長因子的作用時間[8]。已有研究表明Choukroun's PRF對成骨細胞具有增殖及促進成骨誘導的作用,且較PRP更強[9]。本文就Choukroun's PRF對脂肪干細胞的增殖及成骨誘導的影響做了初步研究,證實其有促進ADSCs增殖及成骨誘導的作用,ADSCs近年來在許多研究方面取得了進展,證實為一種良好的組織工程種子細胞,故Choukroun's PRF與ADSCs共同培養(yǎng)有較大的研究價值,目前國內外的研究都還處于起步階段,還值得進一步研究。
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