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        西南日本秋吉帶石炭系高山(Ko-yama)灰?guī)r群的石炭紀(Visean – Moscovian)牙形石序列

        2012-09-20 00:46:40KEISUKEISHIDA,SIGEYUKISUZUKI,NORIYUKIINADA
        地球?qū)W報 2012年1期
        關鍵詞:石炭系西南高山

        西南日本秋吉帶石炭系高山(Ko-yama)灰?guī)r群的石炭紀(Visean – Moscovian)牙形石序列

        E-mail: ishidak@ias.tokushima-u.ac.jp.

        1 Introduction

        The Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy in Japan has been studied mainly in the 20th Century(Igo and Koike, 1964; Koike, 1967; Igo, 1973; Igo and Kobayashi, 1974; Watanabe, 1975; Igo and Igo, 1979;Haikawa, 1988). The Middle Carboniferous conodont zonation has been studied in relation with the Mississippian–Pennsylvanian boundary in the Hina Limestone of the Akiyoshi Belt (Mizuno, 1997). The Akiyoshi Belt is regarded as one of the Permian accretionary complexes in the Inner Zone of SW Japan(Isozaki, 1997; Sano et al., 2004). The complex encompasses large limestone masses, as they are well known as the Akiyoshi, Taishaku, Atetsu, Hina, and the Ko-yama limestones with associations of basaltic pyroclastics on their bases. On the sedimentology of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, Nakashima and Sano(2007) gave the implication that the limestone group is of a resedimented origin shed from Mississippian –Permian mid-oceanic atoll-type buildup into slope-to-basin facies.

        We studied the conodont faunas of the lower part of Ko-yama Limestone Group in NW of Okayama with respect to the biostratigraphic resolution in the clastic carbonate sedimentary field. The obtained faunal succession that appeared in concordance with the lithostratigraphic order was correlative with those of global Visean, Serpukhovian, Bashkirian and Moscovian stages, respectively. The Visean/ Serpukhovian boundary of the section was considered to be represented by the occurrence ofLochrieaspecies (e.g.Blanco-Ferrera, et al., 2005; Groves et al., 2003; Higgins, 1975; Kullmann et al., 2008; Nemyrovska, 1999,2005; Nikolaeva, et al., 2009; Somerville, 2008).

        2 Geological setting of the Ko-yama Limestone Group

        The Ko-yama Limestone (Yokoyama et al., 1979)in the Ko-yama Limestone Group (after Yoshimura,1961: Koyama Group) is one of the large masses in the Akiyoshi Belt. The biostratigraphic research revealed that the Ko-yama Limestone ranges from Carboniferous to Middle Permian. The six foraminifer-zones ofEndothyra,Millerella,Pseudostafella,Profusulinella,Fusulinella–Fusulina, andPseudoschwagerina–Parafusulinawere recognized (Yokoyama et al.,1979).

        The lower part of the Ko-yama Limestone Group is mainly composed of clastic carbonates, which are dominated by the crinoid–bryozoan bioclastic packstone. These carbonates were considered to be formed by the transportation of carbonate clasts into the chert depositional deeper open sea bottom (Yokoyama et al.,1979). According to the shed-model (Nakashima and Sano, 2007), the limestone–basaltic pyroclastic sequence with association of the spiculite cherts in the Akiyoshi Limestone Group is suggestive as a marginal deeper and slope facies of the mid-oceanic atoll-type buildup.

        3 Faunal succession of the lower part of the Ko-yama Limestone Group

        Among the extracted conodont materials, P1elements were used for the chronological analysis. The faunas appear in concordance with the lithostrati-

        graphic order (Inada et al., this issue), and are correlative with the faunas from the studied conodont zonation in the Akiyoshi Belt (Fig. 1). The faunal succession of the lower part of the Ko-yama Limestone Group is as follows in ascending order.

        Gnathodus semiglaber Fauna (upper Visean): is characterized by the occurrence ofGnathodus semiglaber.The fauna was obtained from a wackestone block in the basaltic pyroclastics at the basal part of the group.Gnathodus praebilineatus – Lochriea multinodosa Fauna (upper Visean): is composed ofGnathodus praebilineatus,Gnathodusex. gr.bilineatus,Pseudognathodus homopunctatus,Lochriea multinodosa,Lochriea commutata, andCavusgnathus unicornis.

        Lochriea ziegleri – Gnathodus girtyi girtyi s.l. Fauna(lower Serpukhovian): in addition toLochriea ziegleri,Gnathodusex. gr.bollandensisandVogelgnathus campbelli, transition forms ofGnathodus girtyi girtyis.l. toG.girtyi simplex, andLochriea nodosas.l. toL.crusiformiswere recognized from the lower horizons.Neoganthodus symmetricus – Idiognathodus primulus Fauna (middle–upper Bashkirian): is composed ofNeoganthodus symmetricus,Idiognathodus primulus,Idiognathodussp. 1,Idiognathodussp. 3, andStreptognathodusexpansus.The fauna from a particular horizon contains reworked upper Visean to Serpkhovian elements ofGnathodus semiglaber,Gnathodussp.1,Pseudognathodus homopunctatus, andVogelgnathus postcampbelli.

        Fig. 1 Correlation of the conodont zones in the Akiyoshi Belt, Japan

        Idiognathoides convexus – Gondolella clarki Fauna(lower Moscovian): is composed ofGondolella clarki,Gondolellasp. 1,Idiognathoides sulcatus sulcatus,Idiognathoides macer,Idiognathoides attenuates,Idiognathoidesconvexus,Idiognathodus delicatuss.l.,Streptognathodus suberectus,Neognathodus bothrops,Neoganthodus symmetricus, andIdiognathodussp. 1.

        4 Results and Discussions

        Conodont faunal succession: The conodont faunas from the lower part of the Ko-yama Limestone Group were studied with respect to the biostratigraphic reliance in the “clastic carbonate” sedimentary field. The existence of conodont faunal succession as well as the faunal stability was basically confirmed.The conodont faunal succession is:Gnathodus semiglaberFauna (upper Visean),Gnathodus praebilineatus–Lochriea multinodosaFauna (upper Visean),Lochriea ziegleri–Gnathodus girtyi girtyis.l. Fauna(lower Serpukhovian),Neoganthodus symmetricus–Idiognathodus primulusFauna (middle – upper Bashkirian), andIdiognathoidesconvexus–Gondolella clarkiFauna (lower Moscovian). The faunas are correlative with those from the conodont zones of the Hina, Atetsu, Akiyoshi, and Omi limestone groups in the Akiyoshi Belt, respectively.

        Visean/Serpukhovian boundary in the section:The FAD ofLochriea ziegleriin the study section marked the Visean/Serpukhovian boundary.

        Mixed fauna in relation with the early Bashkirian global low-standing eustatic condition: A reworked Serpukhovian and older elements were recognized in someNeoganthodus symmetricus–Idiognathodus primulusFauna (middle – upper Bashkirian)from the particular clastic carbonate horizon. The early Bashkirian global low-standing eustatic condition (ex. Hallam, 1992; Nakazawa and Ueno, 2009)might be considered for the erosional event in the provenancial shallow-carbonate buildup.

        BLANCO-FERRERA S, GARCIA-LOPEZ S, SANZ-LOPEZ J.2005. Carboniferous conodonts from the Cares river section(Picos de Europa Unit, Cantabrian Zone, NW Spain). Geobios,38: 17-27.

        GROVES J R, LARGHI C, NICOLA A, RETTORI R. 2003. Mississippian (Lower Carboniferous) microfossils from the Chios Mélange (Chios Island, Greece). Geobios, 36, 379-389.

        HAIKAWA T. 1988. The basement complex and conodonts biostratigraphy of the Lowest parts in the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, Southwest Japan. Bulletin of the Akiyoshi-Dai Museum of Natural History, 23: 13-37, pls.4-7.

        HALLAM A. 1992. Phanerozoic sea-level changes. New York:Columbia University Press: 266.

        HIGGINS A C. 1975. Conodont zonation of the late Visean – Early Westphalian strata of the south and central Pennines of northern England. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 53: 1-90, pls. 1-18.

        IGO HH. 1973. Lower Carboniferous conodonts from the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, southwest Japan. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc.Japan, N.S., 92, 185-199, pl.29.

        IGO HY, IGO HH. 1979. Additional note on the Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy of the lowest part of the Akiyoshi Limestone Group, southwestern part of Japan. Annual Rep.Inst. Geosci., Univ. Tsukuba, 5, 47-50.

        IGO HY, KOBAYASHI F. 1974. Carboniferous conodonts from the Itsukaichi district, Tokyo, Japan. Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc.Japan, N. S., 96, 411-426.

        IGO HY, KOIKE T. 1964. Carboniferous conodonts from the Omi Limestone, Niigata Prefecture, Central Japan. Trans. Proc.Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., 53, 179-193.

        INADA T, SUZUKI S, ISHIDA K, YAMASHITA S. 2012. Folded structure of the Carboniferous Ko-yama Limestone Group, Akiyoshi Belt, SW Japan. Acta geoscientica sinica,33(s1): 24.

        ISOZAKI Y. 1997. Jurassic accretion tectonics of Japan. The Island Arc, 6, 25-51.

        KOIKE T. 1967. A Carboniferous succession of conodont faunas from the Atetsu Limestone in Southwest Japan (Studies of Asiatic conodonts, Part VI). Science Reports of the Tokyo Kyoiku Daigaku, Section C, 93, 23-62, pls.1-4.

        KULLMANN J, MIROUSE M-F P, DELVOVE J-J. 2008. Late Visean/Serpukhovian goniatites and conodonts from the Central and Western Pyrenees, France. Geobios, 41: 635-656.

        MIZUNO Y. 1997. Conodont faunas across the Mid-Carboniferous boundary in the Hina Limestone, Southwest Japan. Paleontological Research, 1(4): 237-259.

        NAKASHIMA K, SANO H. 2007. Palaeoenvironmental implication of resedimented limestones shed from Mississippian –Permian mid-oceanic atoll-type buildup into slope-to-basin facies, Akiyoshi, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 247: 329-356.

        NAKAZAWA T, UENO K. 2009. Carboniferous-Permian long-term sea-level change inferred from Panthalassan oceanic atoll stratigraphy. Palaeowarld, 18: 162-168.

        NEMYROVSKA T I. 1999. Bashkirian conodonts of the Donets Basin, Ukraine. Scripta Geologica, 119, 1-115, with an appendix by Samankassou, E.

        NEMYROVSKA T. I. 2005. Late Visean/early Serpukhovian conodont succession from the Triollo section, Palencia (Cantabrian Mountains, Spain). Scripta Geologica, 129: 13-89.

        NIKOLAEVA S V, AKHMETSHINA L Z, KONOVALOVA V A,KOROBKOV V F, ZAINAKAEVA G F. 2009. The Carboniferous carbonates of the Dombar Hills (western Kazakhstan)and the problem of the Visean – Serpukhovian boundary. Palaeoworld, 18: 80-93.

        SANO H, FUJII S, MATSUURA F. 2004. Response of Carboniferous – Permian mid-oceanic seamount-capping buildup to global cooling and sea-level change: Akiyoshi, Japan. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 213: 187-206.

        SOMERVILLE I D. 2008. Biostratigraphic zonation and correlation of Mississippian rocks in Western Europe: some case studies in the late Visean/Serpukhovian. Geological Journal, 43: 209-240.

        WATANABE K. 1975. Mississippian conodonts from the Omi Limestone, Niigata Prefecture, Central Japan. Trans. Proc.Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N. S., 99: 156-171.

        YOKOYAMA T, HASE A, OKIMURA Y. 1979. Sedimentary facies of Koyama Limestone. Jour. Geol. Soc. Japan, 85(1):11-25.

        YOSHIMURA N. 1961. Geological studies of the Paleozoic groups in the Oga Plateau, Central Chugoku, Japan. Sci. Rep. Hiroshima Univ. (Earth Sci.), 10: 1-36.

        Carboniferous (Visean–Moscovian) Conodont Faunal Succession in the Ko-yama Limestone Group, Akiyoshi Belt, SW Japan:the Biostratigraphic Resolution in the Clastic Carbonate Sedimentary Field

        Keisuke ISHIDA1), Sigeyuki SUZUKI2), Noriyuki INADA2), Shinji YAMASHITA2)
        1)Laboratory of Geology, Institute of SAS, Tokushima University,770-8502,Tokushima, Japan;
        2)Dept. Earth Sci., Okayama University,700-8530,Okayama, Japan

        The Carboniferous conodont faunal succession of the lower part of Ko-yama Limestone Group was studied. The confirmed upper Visean–lower Moscovian lithostratigraphy of the group is characterized by the clastic carbonates with common association of the basaltic pyroclastics and some intercalation of spicular chert beds.The faunal succession ofGnathodus semiglaber(upper Visean),Gnathodus praebilineatus–Lochriea multinodosa(upper Visean),Lochriea ziegleri–Gnathodus girtyi girtyis.l. (lower Serpukhovian),Neoganthodus symmetricus–Idiognathodus primulus(middle – upper Bashkirian), andIdiognathoidesconvexus–Gondolella clarki(lower Moscovian) faunas, appears in concordance with the lithostratigraphic order. The faunas are correlative with those from the conodont zones of the Hina, Atetsu, Akiyoshi and Omi limestone groups in the Akiyoshi Belt. The Visean/Serpukhovian boundary of the section was recognized by the FAD ofLochriea ziegleri.

        conodont; Ko-yama Limestone; Carboniferous; Akiyoshi Belt; SW Japan

        10.3975/cagsb.2012.s1.14

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