羅競紅,郭芝剛,曾 軍
(1.成都大學城鄉(xiāng)建設學院,四川成都 610106;2.廣州醫(yī)學院基礎學院,廣東廣州 510182)
CXCR4拮抗劑在腫瘤治療中的應用
羅競紅1,郭芝剛2,曾 軍2
(1.成都大學城鄉(xiāng)建設學院,四川成都 610106;2.廣州醫(yī)學院基礎學院,廣東廣州 510182)
G蛋白偶聯趨化因子受體CXCR4在癌細胞表面廣泛表達,癌細胞易轉移部位的基質細胞組成型分泌CXCR4的配體——基質細胞衍生因子-1(SDF-1/CXCL12),表達CXCR4的癌細胞在CXCR4/CXCL12軸的調控下沿CXCL12濃度梯度進行轉運和歸巢,轉移的癌細胞在CXCL12作用下與基質細胞緊密聯系而獲得藥物抗性.CXCR4的拮抗劑,比如AMD3100,T140類似物和本課題組開發(fā)的 SDF-1βP2G,能打斷癌細胞與基質細胞的相互作用,動員癌細胞離開對其具保護作用的微環(huán)境從而進入血液循環(huán)系統,使癌細胞對傳統藥物的敏感性增加.因此,靶向CXCR4/CXCL12軸的CXCR4拮抗劑聯合化療在探索腫瘤患者治療方面是一個新穎的,富有吸引力的方法.
CXCR4;拮抗劑;腫瘤治療
相關研究表明,CXCR4在各種腫瘤,比如肺癌、白血病、乳腺癌、前列腺癌、卵巢癌等,細胞中表達.通常,表達CXCR4的腫瘤細胞在CXCR4/CXCL12軸的作用下遷徙,并歸巢到表達CXCL12的非惡性間質細胞位點.此提示,腫瘤細胞的轉移受腫瘤細胞上表達的趨化因子受體以及在靶器官的配體所調控,腫瘤細胞利用這個機理進入微環(huán)境[1-5].因此,使用CXCR4的拮抗劑靶向抑制CXCR4/CXCL12軸治療腫瘤有如下合理性:阻斷癌細胞與黏附基質因相互作用而賦予生存和藥物抗性的信號;從組織位點,比如骨髓,動員腫瘤細胞進入血液,使之對傳統治療更敏感;封閉腫瘤轉移過程中的腫瘤細胞遷徙和散播.
目前,在醫(yī)學臨床上利用CXCR4調節(jié)造血干細胞(HSCs)骨髓歸巢的原理基于使用CXCR4的拮抗劑AMD3100動員HSCs進入外周血,利于從外周血收集HSCs用于自體干細胞移植[6].同時,臨床實驗也證實,AMD3100聯合G-CSF較單獨使用G-CSF能收集到更多的祖細胞[7].此外,CXCR4的多肽抑制劑TN14003也能單獨或者聯合G-CSF用于干細胞動員[8].而在實驗室中,本課題組開發(fā)的CXCR4特異性多肽拮抗劑SDF-1βP2G也能有效動員造血干細胞.
最初,科研人員僅將CXCR4拮抗劑作為抗HIV感染的藥物進行開發(fā).CXCR4最典型的拮抗劑有T140和它的類似物[9-10],AMD3100[11-12]和 ALX-4C[13].但當時并不清楚其抗HIV感染的機理,直到發(fā)現CXCR4 T型HIV-1的共受體功能后,研究人員很快證實不同CXCR4拮抗劑特異性封閉CXCR4的原理[14-15].CXCR4非HIV相關功能研究在經過十多年的發(fā)展后,其在HSCs動員,癌癥治療,自身免疫疾病等方面的潛在用途逐漸涌現.
通常,CXCR4拮抗劑可劃分為4類:小肽類CXCR4拮抗劑,非肽類 CXCR4拮抗劑,抗體及針對SDF-1進行修飾的激動劑和拮抗劑.
最初,研究人員在對天然來源的多肽進行篩選以獲得抗HIV活性物質時發(fā)現小肽類CXCR4拮抗劑.其中,來源于鱟的自身防御肽,和鱟肽被發(fā)現并進行適當的化學修飾后合成抗HIV的肽:T22[10],T134和T140[16].當時研究人員認為這些化合物具有抑制HIV-1 T細胞融合或者病毒去包被的功能[9],然而,直到發(fā)現T型HIV-1利用CXCR4作為共受體進入CD4+T細胞時才闡明其抗HIV-1活性的精確機理并進一步證實了T22特異性結合的CXCR4區(qū)域是HIV-1病毒進入T細胞以及其配體CXCL12活化所需的關鍵域[17].在最初的所有合成肽中,T140被認為是最具拮抗活性的CXCR4肽拮抗劑,但由于其C末端的Arg易被切割而缺乏血清穩(wěn)定性.對此,研究人員通過開發(fā)酰胺化的T140類似物來克服血清不穩(wěn)定性[18],進而合成了TN14003和TC14012.進一步的研究工作也證實了T140的結合區(qū)域在細胞外區(qū)域,處于CXCR4的疏水核心域,不同于CXCR4的非肽類拮抗劑AMD3100的結合域[19].
此外,大量體內外臨床前實驗研究證實了T140和它的類似物能有效封閉CXCR4,包括乳腺癌和黑色素瘤,內風濕關節(jié)炎和干細胞動員等動物模型.同時,科研人員還探索了這些制劑在急慢性白血病[20-22]、多發(fā)骨髓瘤[23]、小細胞肺癌[24]、黑色素瘤[25]、前列腺癌活性等[26].除了集中在疾病方面的研究外,T140及其類似物還被應用于研究探索CXCR4在DC發(fā)育[27]和遷徙[28],B細胞歸巢,在淋巴組織中的生發(fā)中心位置[29]以及HSC歸巢等方面的功能[30].研究發(fā)現,ALX40-4C是具有9個Arg殘基的多肽,通過末端保護和D-氨基酸加以穩(wěn)定,ALX40-4C是CXCR4的特異性拮抗劑[14],是第一個開展I和I/II期HIV臨床實驗研究的CXCR4拮抗劑.但由于其合成困難且缺乏有效性,且不能開發(fā)成口服制劑而停止開發(fā).
科研人員在上世紀90年代早期合成的一系列Biocyclams類化合物中,AMD3100最具抗HIV活性[12,31].AMD3100是一種特異性抑制CXCL12結合到CXCR4的拮抗劑,抑制CXCL12調節(jié)的鈣內流、趨化和GTP結合,且不會與其他趨化因子受體產生交叉反應[32].AMD3100的抗HIV活性僅限于X4-HIV-1株,在I/II期臨床試驗中,研究人員發(fā)現AMD3100能動員志愿者和HIV感染者的各種造血細胞(包括CD34+HSCs)進入血液循環(huán)系統,而出現快速的、暫時的白血球增多.在HIV患者的另一組試驗中,一位患者接受高劑量(160 ug/kg/h)的AMD3100治療后,雖然其病毒載量明顯降低,但對HIV感染的治療效果卻不明顯.因此,抗 HIV感染不再是AMD3100開發(fā)的發(fā)展方向,對此,研究人員探索使用AMD3100作為HSCs的動員劑,一系列的臨床前和臨床試驗證實了AMD3100單獨和聯合G-CSF,都能有效動員HSCs[6,33-34].
目前,AMD070在臨床上用于抗HIV,是一種可口服的小分子非肽類CXCR4拮抗劑[35].此外,研究人員發(fā)現KRH-163是另外一種可口服的非肽類CXCR4拮抗劑,具有抑制X4-HIV-1感染的功能,能封閉CXCL12刺激的響應,比如鈣內流[36].
研究人員發(fā)現,在體外使用CXCR4抗體中和CXCR4與其配體CXCL12間的相互作用能顯著抑制HIV感染和腫瘤細胞的遷徙[37-39],并發(fā)現在動物模型中抗CXCR4或者CXCL12的抗體顯著抑制了非霍其金氏淋巴瘤、乳腺、肺和前列腺癌的轉移和進展[40-43].單克隆抗體治療的獨特特征,包括高親和力和特異性,以及腫瘤細胞不同于正常細胞的靶向抗原表達,使得抗體是癌癥免疫治療的有效制劑.研究人員使用一組CXCR4單克隆抗體,發(fā)現在原發(fā)性和轉化型T,B細胞,以及骨髓細胞間,CXCR4具有巨大的構象異質性[44].CXCR4構象異質性使得CXCR4抗體封閉CXCL12的趨化具有細胞依賴性.另外,在研究CXCR4的表達中使用最普遍的單克隆抗體——12G5,僅能識別分析的原代細胞中的一個亞群的CXCR4分子.因此,目前CXCR4在這些重要細胞類型中的濃度顯然被低估.這些響應與CXCR4構象改變的因素仍舊是未知的.然而,CXCR4通過N末端酪氨酸硫酸鹽和在18位絲氨酸軟骨素硫酸酯酶鏈進行轉錄后修飾.這個現象部分上可以解釋:CXCR4在構象,抗體的特異性和功能上不同的現象[45].甲基化方式的改變,多糖的新表達的,低表達或者過表達是癌的標志,可能顯著地影響不同CXCR4拮抗劑活性的開發(fā).
此外,研究還證實,CTCE-9908和CTCE-0214分別為帶有拮抗和促進活性的CXCL12肽類似物,CTCE-9908在2個鼠的模型中體現出降低骨肉瘤細胞生長、粘附和癌細胞擴散的活性.本課題組在實驗室以人的SDF-1β基因為模板,將N末端第二位氨基酸殘基由脯氨酸突變成甘氨酸,研發(fā)出了一種CXCR4的特異性拮抗劑 ,SDF-1βP2G.現已證實 ,SDF-1βP2G能有效拮抗CXCR4、動員干細胞(EPCs)、單核細胞、巨噬細胞和中性粒細胞等從骨髓進入外周血,促進小鼠缺血下肢的血流恢復、血管再生和組織修復,采用SDF-1βP2G聯合化療藥物能顯著延長SCLC移植瘤小鼠的生存率.
B-CLL是一個成熟的、抗原經歷的B細胞白血病,CLL細胞在血液、骨髓和次級淋巴組織中累積.盡管它們在體內有不同的生存期,但是體外培養(yǎng)分離的CLL細胞通常會經歷自發(fā)的凋亡[37].CLL細胞表達高水平CXCR4[46-47],CLL細胞能以依賴CXCR4的方式自發(fā)地向分泌CXCL12的MSCs遷徙[46].基質細胞、看護樣細胞,以及其他來源于單核細胞的基質細胞以接觸的方式保護CLL細胞自發(fā)及藥物誘導凋亡.研究證實,CXCR4拮抗劑能封閉CXCL12誘導的活化、遷徙和CLL細胞信號[20].同時,CXCR4拮抗劑逆轉了基質細胞對自發(fā)的或者氟達拉濱(fludarabine)誘導的CLL細胞凋亡的保護,表明CXCR4拮抗劑在聯合靶向治療CLL上的潛在應用.CLL高水平表達CXCR4是基質細胞支持其生存所特別要求的,因此,CLL患者將對CXCR4拮抗劑的響應特別敏感.CXCR4拮抗劑可能動員CLL細胞進入血液,在血液中,能增強CLL細胞被單克隆抗體或者細胞毒制劑攻擊的敏感性.
盡管AML通常對化療敏感,但大多患者由MRD所引起復發(fā)而使得AML的長期無病生存率仍然很低.骨髓被認為是AML MRD的首要位點,AML細胞通過與骨髓基質黏附作用而免受細胞毒藥物的攻擊[48-50].研究表明,AML細胞與MSCs的黏附影響其生存和增值[51],MSCs在體內外都能起保護AML細胞免受化療的作用[52].黏附分子(特別是VLA-4整合素)和趨化因子受體CXCR4是AML細胞黏附到基質細胞所必須的[53],這種細胞黏附調節(jié)的藥物抗性(Cell Adhesion Mediated Drug Resistance,CAM-DR)能保護AML細胞自發(fā)性或藥物誘導的凋亡[52,54].CXCR4功能性的表達在AML膜表面[48,55],其響應功能,如趨化[56],通常較淋巴細胞低.CXCR4和VLA4整合素共同調節(jié)了AML自發(fā)向MSCs遷徙[48],遷徙到基質層的AML細胞增值能力下降.這表明,AML細胞表達的CXCR4趨向于富集非周期性的AML細胞亞群到基質層,那些細胞可能對細胞毒處理不敏感,它們可能代表了作為MRD的休眠白血病祖細胞[57].CXCR4的功能解釋了為什么在AML細胞表面表達的CXCR4對AML具有如此深遠的負面影響[58-60].目前,在臨床上應用Plerixafor動員AML從保護性的骨髓微環(huán)境進入血液,在血液中,AML細胞能被傳統的細胞毒藥物所攻擊.
前體B急性淋巴細胞性白血病,是最普遍的兒童惡性病,在成人中是第二高發(fā)的急性白血病.由于白血病細胞的高流動性特征,導致白血病細胞易滲透到延髓外.特別地,ALL細胞對延髓外ALL復發(fā)最常見中心神經系統具有高親和力,在肝、脾和淋巴結也見ALL發(fā)生.這就可假定B-ALL細胞所對應的正常前體B細胞在骨髓成熟期高度依賴于間質微環(huán)境[61].研究人員發(fā)現,前體B細胞通過自身表達的CXCR4和分泌CXCL12的基質細胞緊密聯系,BALL細胞表達功能性的CXCR4受體誘導白血病細胞向CXCL12趨化,自發(fā)性地以依賴于CXCR4和VLA4整合素的方式遷徙到分泌CXCL12的基質細胞底部,ALL細胞上的CXCR4受體參與了白血病細胞歸巢到NOD/SCID鼠的骨髓,使用CXCR4特異性的受體拮抗劑封閉CXCR4阻斷了ALL細胞向CXCL12和MSCs的遷徙,一定程度上干擾了MSCs細胞對ALL細胞的細胞毒制劑的保護[62].
CXCR4是首個被發(fā)現在乳腺癌細胞上功能性表達的趨化因子受體[63].最初,CXCR4在乳腺癌細胞的主要功能被認為是循環(huán)系統中CXCR4陽性的癌細胞靶向的、器官特異的轉移到表達CXCL12的靶器官,比如肺、肝、淋巴組織和骨髓[63].研究人員在動物模型中,使用抗CXCR4抗體有效降低了局部和系統的乳腺癌轉移[63],并已證實CXCR4/CXCL12軸具有以下功能:乳腺癌細胞CXCR4的活化能促進腫瘤細胞的生長(CXCL12的旁分泌功能);CXCL12通過招募內皮祖細胞進入腫瘤組織而形成腫瘤血管(CXCL12的內分泌)[64],促進腫瘤生長.基質成纖維細胞組成型分泌CXCL12到腫瘤微環(huán)境[65],瘤細胞高水平表達CXCR4與乳腺癌患者較差的生存率相關[66].CXCL12對癌細胞的多種促腫瘤作用表明,CXCR4拮抗劑單獨或者聯合細胞毒藥物能夠降低那些可存在MRD的患者的復發(fā),增加惡性腫瘤患者對傳統藥物的響應率.研究人員在乳腺癌動物模型中使用T140[67]和Plerixafor[68]已經顯示了預期的結果,證明CXCR4拮抗劑能開展在乳腺癌治療方面的應用.
小細胞肺癌(small cell lung cancer,SCLC)是一種侵襲性的、快速轉移的癌癥.患者即使聯合放化療處理,由于很快產生抗藥性,其5年生存率僅有5%.CXCR4是表達在原代SCLC細胞和SCLC細胞系的主要趨化因子受體[24].CXCR4的活化誘導了SCLC細胞的遷徙和侵襲響應,以CXCR4和整合素依賴的方式黏附到分泌CXCL12的基質細胞[24].進而,通過在SCLC細胞上的CXCR4信號誘導SCLC細胞上的整合素分子的活化和信號傳導[69].整合素調節(jié)SCLC細胞粘附到基質細胞和細胞外基質,從而保護SCLC細胞免受化療誘導的凋亡[69,70].總體上看,CXCR4協調SCLC細胞的整合素,調節(jié)腫瘤細胞黏附到基質細胞,反過來貢獻于藥物抗性和腫瘤生長,CXCR4可能調控了具有骨髓參與高趨向的SCLC患者的不同轉移模式.非小細胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)的瘤細胞也表達CXCR4,但是水平比SCLC低[24].臨床上,肺癌患者對細胞毒化療的響應非常短暫,特別是SCLC患者.本課題組的相關研究結果已證實:在體外,CXCR4拮抗劑 SDF-1βP2G 能有效拮抗基質細胞對SCLC細胞的化療保護;在體內,采用SDF-1βP2G聯合依托泊苷的策略,能顯著延長SCLC移植瘤小鼠的存活時間.因此,使用CXCR4拮抗劑從SCLC保護性的微環(huán)境動員癌細胞并聯合肺癌患者傳統化療手段是一種非常具有吸引力的方法.
持久或者長期對CXCR4/CXCL12軸進行抑制將可能引起患者免疫系統的風險和造血功能障礙的副作用.相關研究發(fā)現,在發(fā)育和免疫監(jiān)督過程中,CXCR4調節(jié)T、B淋巴細胞轉運和歸巢到淋巴和胸腺等不同組織微環(huán)境[29,71].CXCR4拮抗劑在癌癥患者上使用的關注焦點是正常祖細胞的動員,比如,調動HSCs離開它們的微環(huán)境而進行血液循化系統.正常條件下,HSCs受骨髓niches的保護,然而在CXCR4拮抗劑聯合細胞毒藥物給藥使HSCs暴露于細胞毒藥物,這將導致長期的血細胞減少.最新研究報道,在AMD3100聯合化療藥物治療多發(fā)性骨髓瘤的實驗研究中發(fā)現,使用AMD3100 2 d后,動員的轉移性癌細胞和造血干細胞達到最高值,然而在第三天HSCs幾乎都歸巢到骨髓,癌細胞則繼續(xù)停留在血液循化系統中.該研究結果提示,如果選擇正常干細胞已歸巢而癌細胞繼續(xù)滯留血液循環(huán)系統的時間點進行化療,將有效降低細胞毒藥物對HSCs的損害.更特殊的副作用是,在給予兩例有心臟病史的患者40、160 mg/kg/h的Plerixafor后引起相關的心臟病并發(fā)癥[72].但Plerixafor用于干細胞動員的臨床試驗未見報道相關的副作用.
總之,CXCR4拮抗劑提供了一個全新的,從癌細胞保護性的微環(huán)境中動員癌細胞進入血液循化系統的靶向工具.被動員的癌細胞對傳統藥物更敏感,有助于克服腫瘤患者的MRD和復發(fā).
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Application of CXCR4 Antagonists in Oncotherapy
LUO Jinghong1,G UO Zhigang2,ZENGJun2
(1.School of Industrial Manufacturing,Chengdu University,Chengdu 610106,China;2.School of Basic Medicine,Guangzhou Medical College,Guangzhou 510182,China)
CXCR4,a seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor,is expressed heavily in cancer cells.Stromal cells in which cancer cell metastasizes keep releasing a ligand for CXCR4,stromal cell-derived factor-1(SDF-1/CXCL12).Cancer cells expressing CXCR4 transfer and home along a gradient of the CXCL12.CXCL12 facilitates tight adhesion of cancer cells with stromal cells,which leads to drug resistance.CXCR4 antagonists,such as SDF-1βP2G developed by this lab ,Plerixafor(AMD3100)and T140 analogs alike,can disrupt adhesive tumor-stroma interactions and mobilize cancer cells from their protective stromal microenvironment,making them more exposed to conventional anti-cancer drugs.Therefore ,targeting the CXCR4-CXCL12 axismay be a novel and potential therapeutic approach in current clinical trialsfor tumor patients.
CXCR4 ;antagonist;oncotherapy
R730
A
1004-5422(2012)04-0309-07
2012-05-25.
羅競紅(1977—),女,碩士,講師,從事生物制藥技術研究.