童話劇最初并非誕生于英國,但卻在英國開出了最絢麗的花朵。如今,童話劇是英國的孩子們必不可少的一道圣誕大餐。童話劇故事大多改編自經(jīng)典的童話故事,如《彼得·潘》《睡美人》等??鋸埲A麗的服飾、令人捧腹的反串表演、舞臺上下熱鬧的互動……讓我們一起來感受童話劇的獨(dú)特魅力吧!
Pantomime, better known as panto, is one of the greatest British theatrical traditions and has for many years been closely associated with the Christmas season. This dramatic form is not to be confused with mime2), but is a comical, musical play, with lots of cross-dressing3), coarse4) humour, audience participation and well-loved characters.
Many of the roots of modern pantomime can be traced back to commedia dell'arte5). This dramatic form may predate6) records but can be traced back as far as 16th century Italy. Commedia productions used a stock7) collection of characters and situations. Later, this form of drama developed in London where actors mimed and danced classical tales and fairytales. It was particularly popular at Christmas time and developed a strong following. In the 18th and 19th century, the modern clown and the Pantomime Dame8) were introduced to the world along with other favourites.
So what do we expect from a modern panto?
童話?。╬antomime,多被簡稱為panto)是英國最偉大的傳統(tǒng)戲劇表演形式之一,多年來一直與圣誕季密不可分。這種戲劇表演形式不應(yīng)與啞劇混為一談,它是一種富有喜劇色彩的音樂劇,當(dāng)中包含著許多反串表演、粗俗的幽默、觀眾的參與和備受喜愛的角色。
現(xiàn)代童話劇的大部分要素都可以從即興喜劇中追本溯源。這種戲劇表演形式可能在文字記錄出現(xiàn)以前就已經(jīng)存在,最早可追溯至16世紀(jì)的意大利。即興喜劇作品采用的是一系列老套的人物角色和場景。后來,這種戲劇形式在倫敦得到發(fā)展,演員們將經(jīng)典故事和童話以啞劇和舞蹈形式表現(xiàn)了出來。這種啞劇在圣誕期間特別受歡迎,擁有了一大批堅(jiān)定的追隨者。在18和19世紀(jì),現(xiàn)代的小丑和童話劇中滑稽老太婆角色以及其他一些受歡迎的角色相繼誕生。
那么,在現(xiàn)代童話劇中我們能看到什么呢?
Cross-dressing
We couldn't have a panto without a Principal Boy (played by a gorgeous young lady) and the Dame (always played by a man).
The Principal Boy became popular in the 19th century, when in normal life ladies were completely covered up. This reversal of roles allowed a shapely young woman to strut9) about the stage with her legs uncovered (albeit10) with thick tights).
The Dame is sometimes played by female impersonators11) like Danny La Rue12), who brought glamour and exoticism13) to the production. Many other Dames however played up14) the fact that they were men in dresses. Les Dawson15) could hardly be referred to as feminine even whilst playing the Dame, but isn't that part of the joke?
反串表演
若是少了男主角(由靚麗的年輕女子扮演)和滑稽老太婆(通常由男性扮演),一部童話劇就無法上演了。
男主角在19世紀(jì)開始流行,當(dāng)時的女性在日常生活中都被衣服包裹得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的,而這種角色互換卻讓身材勻稱的年輕女性得以露出雙腿(盡管她們依然身著厚厚的緊身衣),在舞臺上趾高氣揚(yáng)地走來走去。
滑稽老太婆有時由像丹尼·拉·魯這樣的擅長模仿女性的演員來扮演,他們賦予了童話劇作品更多的魅力和新奇感。然而,許多其他人扮演的滑稽老太婆卻故意強(qiáng)調(diào)他們就是穿著裙裝的男人這一事實(shí)。即便在扮演滑稽老太婆的時候,萊斯·道森也很難讓人們從他身上感受到一點(diǎn)女人味。不過,這不是也很搞笑嗎?
An Animal Character
It is a panto cow or a horse, played by two people, often in a not too convincing costume. Part of their act is to perform a dance involving intricate movements in understandably uncomfortable circumstances.
動物角色
童話劇中的動物角色是由兩位演員共同扮演的一頭?;蛞黄ヱR,演員通常穿著不太逼真的戲服。表演的一部分是兩人跳一段動作比較復(fù)雜的舞蹈,可以想象得到,在這種情形下跳舞他們并不舒服。
Fairy and Baddie
Underlying16) most fairytales used in pantomime is a struggle between good and bad, and these traits are personified by the Fairy and the Baddie (often a wicked uncle or stepmother or witch). The good character usually enters from stage right with the baddie entering on the opposite side. This is a tradition directly from commedia dell'arte where the left represented hell and the right was heaven.
Calling out and Sing Along
Unlike most theatrical performances the audience at a panto does not sit in silence. When the Baddie arrives on stage the audience boos17) and hisses18). When the Baddie is creeping up on the hero, the children are encouraged to call out to let him know he is in danger. Naturally the action will also include an argument where the audience are called upon to respond to \"Oh, no, it's not\", with \"Oh, yes, it is!\".
At a given point one of the characters will sing a song with a simple chorus19), often with a well-known tune. Then the characters will ask the audience to \"help\" them sing it.
Slapstick20)
Slapstick comedy is an essential part of this style of performance. Intricate routines21) involving mess, such as cooking or painting and decorating, build up in speed and chaos, making the actors on stage more and more messy. This can culminate22) with the actors supposedly throwing buckets of water over the audience.
Wedding and Walk-downs
The show finishes with a wedding, including a song and dance routine and elaborate walk-down costumes, which are often the most spectacular costumes in the show. The wedding gives the audience the happy-ever-after finish we all associate with panto.
仙女和壞蛋
童話劇中展現(xiàn)的大多數(shù)童話故事都圍繞著善惡之間的斗爭展開。仙女和壞蛋(通常是一個邪惡的叔叔、繼母或巫婆)便分別是善與惡的化身。正面角色通常由舞臺右方出場,而壞蛋則從左方登臺。這一慣例直接來源于意大利的即興喜劇。在即興喜劇中,舞臺左邊代表地獄,右邊則代表天堂。
大聲叫喊,一起歌唱
和大多數(shù)劇院演出不同,童話劇的觀眾并不會坐在座位上沉默不語。當(dāng)壞蛋登臺時,觀眾們便會喝倒彩,沖他發(fā)出噓聲。而當(dāng)壞蛋躡手躡腳地接近男主角時,大人會鼓勵孩子們大聲叫喊,提醒男主角有危險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)然,臺上臺下的互動也包括這樣的爭論:當(dāng)演員說“噢,不,不是!”的時候,觀眾們便被號召著回應(yīng)“噢,是,是的!”
在某一特定時刻,其中一位演員會唱一首歌,這首歌副歌部分很簡單,旋律也常常是大家耳熟能詳?shù)?。然后,演員們會讓觀眾“幫助”他們接著唱下去。
打鬧劇
打鬧喜劇是童話劇這種表演形式中不可或缺的一部分。在打鬧劇中,復(fù)雜而固定的舞步套路中又糅合了雜亂無章的動作,比如做飯或是畫畫和裝飾,而且動作越來越快、越來越混亂,使得舞臺上的演員們越發(fā)亂作一團(tuán)。當(dāng)演員們?nèi)绱蠹宜系哪菢訉淄八疂娤蛴^眾時,表演就達(dá)到了高潮。
婚禮和“走紅毯”儀式
童話劇會以一場婚禮結(jié)束,其中包含例行的歌舞表演和精美的“走紅毯”戲服展示(通常是整場演出中最為華麗的戲服)。婚禮呈獻(xiàn)給觀眾一個“幸福到永遠(yuǎn)”的結(jié)局,這也是我們所有人一想到童話劇就能夠聯(lián)想到的。
1.pantomime [?p?nt?ma?m] n. <英口> (圣誕節(jié)期間演出的)童話劇
2.mime [ma?m] n. 啞劇。文中第二段中的mime是動詞,意思是“以滑稽?。ɑ騿。┑男问奖硌荨薄?/p>
3.cross-dress [?kr?s?dres] vi. 穿異性衣服;女扮男裝;男扮女裝
4.coarse [k??s] adj. 粗俗的
5.commedia dell'arte: <意>即興喜?。?6~18世紀(jì)流行于意大利的一種喜劇,人物定型,表演程式化,角色除男女主人公外都戴面具)
6.predate [pri??de?t] vt. 在日期上早于(或先于)
7.stock [st?k] adj. 陳腐的
8.dame [de?m] n. <英> (啞劇中一般由男子扮演的)滑稽老太婆角色
9.strut [str?t] vi. 趾高氣揚(yáng)地走,高視闊步
10.albeit [???l?bi??t] conj. 盡管,即使
11.impersonator
[?m?p??s?ne?t?(r)] n. 模仿其他人來逗人發(fā)笑的人或藝人
12.Danny La Rue: 丹尼·拉·魯(1927~2009),英國著名的變裝表演者,曾是英國出場費(fèi)最高的明星,多次受邀前往白金漢宮為王室表演。
13.exoticism [?ɡ?z?t?s?z?m] n. 新奇,奇特
14.play up: 強(qiáng)調(diào)
15.Les Dawson: 萊斯·道森(1931~1993),英國著名喜劇演員
16.underlie [??nd??la?] vt. 潛存于……之下
17.boo [bu?] vi. 發(fā)出噓聲
18.hiss [h?s] vi. (為表示嘲笑、不滿等)發(fā)尖利的噓聲
19.chorus [?k??r?s] n. 副歌,疊句
20.slapstick [?sl?pst?k] n. 打鬧劇
21.routine [ru??ti?n] n. 一套固定舞步(或動作)
22.culminate [?k?lm?ne?t] vi. 達(dá)到頂點(diǎn)(或最后關(guān)頭);到達(dá)高潮