125年前，夏洛克·福爾摩斯橫空出世，從此風(fēng)靡至今。其創(chuàng)作者柯南·道爾不會想到：從小說到舞臺到影視再到小說，福爾摩斯的形象一變再變，跨越了兩個世紀(jì)；從黑白默片到有聲電影再到3D影視，銀幕上不同形象甚至不同性格的福爾摩斯卻一樣神秘迷人；從原著小說到各種同人故事再到“福迷”們近乎執(zhí)迷的研究，福爾摩斯創(chuàng)造了獨屬于自己的文學(xué)領(lǐng)域。雖然如今風(fēng)頭正盛的好萊塢大片《大偵探福爾摩斯》和英劇《神探夏洛克》中的福爾摩斯都早已不復(fù)當(dāng)初的模樣，但毋庸置疑的是，這個角色已經(jīng)成功融入了新的時代，福爾摩斯的故事也將永遠流傳。

As a Halloween costume， it's almost too easy—just wear a deerstalker cap1)， stick a calabash2) pipe between your teeth， and carry a magnifying glass. Say， \"Elementary， my dear Watson.\" Chances are， everyone will know that you're supposed to be Sherlock Holmes. No matter that Holmes wore a cap only once in the original stories， that his pipe of choice was not a calabash， and that he never uttered that phrase. He did， however， use a magnifying glass occasionally.

Like other pop culture icons， Holmes has evolved since his creation over a century ago. His characters have changed， as have the qualities for which audiences admire him. Below appear some of the best-known permutations3) of Holmes， as he has traveled from print to stage， to film and television， and back to print again. The game is afoot4)! Happy sleuthing5).

想要在萬圣節(jié)這樣打扮一點都不難：只需頭戴一頂獵鹿帽，嘴里叼根葫蘆煙斗，手握一個放大鏡就完成了。若是再說上一句“這是小兒科，我親愛的華生”，那很可能所有人都會明白你在扮演福爾摩斯。雖然福爾摩斯在原著小說中只戴過一次帽子，嘴里叼的也不是葫蘆煙斗，而且從未說過那句口頭禪。不過嘛，他確實偶爾會用一下放大鏡。

和其他流行文化的偶像一樣，福爾摩斯自一個多世紀(jì)前誕生后就一直在不斷演變。他的性格特征在變，他身上被大眾所欣賞的品質(zhì)也在變。福爾摩斯已從書本走上舞臺，走進影視，又再次回到書中。下面就是關(guān)于他的一些廣為人知的演變。偵探游戲正在上演，且來一探究竟吧！

The Many Faces of Holmes 福爾摩斯的多種形象

The original readers of the very first Holmes story， A Study in Scarlet， had to do with6) four lackluster7) illustrations by D. H. Friston， but， when the novella was published in book form， Holmes looked something like Arthur Conan Doyle's own father， Charles Altamont Doyle—and was， in fact， the elder Doyle's creation. The author's father created a series of vague line-drawings that unfortunately failed to capture the excitement of the text. He gave Sherlock Holmes his own features， including his scraggly8) beard. No record exists of his son's response.

When \"A Scandal in Bohemia\" was published in The Strand Magazine in 1891， readers were greeted with Sidney Paget's moody9) drawings， which represented Holmes as tall， handsome， and elegant， despite Conan Doyle's original description， according to which Holmes was extremely thin， with a large nose and small eyes set close together. Apparently Paget's younger brother Walter， whom the artist used as a model， was quite a handsome fellow. Years later， after his brother's death， Walter himself illustrated a few of Conan Doyle's stories in The Strand.

Conan Doyle soon grew attached to Sidney Paget's elegant vision of Holmes， and when he met the American actor William Gillette， who wanted to play Holmes on the stage， he felt that his creation had come to life.

《福爾摩斯探案》系列中的第一個故事是《血字的研究》(編注：該故事最初于1887年刊登在《比頓圣誕年刊》上)，其最初的讀者只能將就著看一看D. H. 弗理斯頓所畫的四幅平淡無奇的插畫。不過，該中篇小說出版成書時，書中插畫里的福爾摩斯看上去與柯南·道爾的父親查爾斯·阿爾塔芒·道爾有些相像——事實上，那些插畫就是出自老道爾之手。老道爾創(chuàng)作的這一系列素描作品模糊不清，未能盡現(xiàn)小說原文的精彩之處，真是可惜。老道爾為畫中的福爾摩斯加上了自己的體貌特征，包括他那蓬亂的胡須。至于兒子柯南·道爾對此如何評論，歷史并無記載。

1891年《波希米亞丑聞》(編注：《福爾摩斯探案》系列中的一個故事)在《海濱雜志》上發(fā)表后，西德尼·佩吉特為讀者帶來了憂郁風(fēng)格的插畫，畫中的福爾摩斯高大、英俊、優(yōu)雅，盡管柯南·道爾筆下的福爾摩斯本是瘦骨嶙峋，長著一個大鼻子，兩只小眼睛挨得很近。顯然，這些插畫的模特、佩吉特的弟弟沃爾特是個相當(dāng)英俊的小伙子。數(shù)年后，哥哥佩吉特去世，沃爾特接手插畫工作，為柯南·道爾發(fā)表在《海濱雜志》的幾部小說畫插畫。

柯南·道爾很快就喜歡上了西德尼·佩吉特畫筆下風(fēng)度翩翩的福爾摩斯。而當(dāng)柯南·道爾見到打算在舞臺劇中出演福爾摩斯的美國演員威廉·吉勒特時，他覺得自己創(chuàng)作的福爾摩斯就活生生地站在了眼前。

Holmes in Film 電影中的福爾摩斯

During Conan Doyle's lifetime， silent film versions of the Sherlock Holmes stories were made in England and the U.S. In the U.S.， John Barrymore played Holmes in a film based on one of Gillette's stage plays， and British actor Ellie Norwood played Holmes in 47 silent films between 1920 and 1923. Typing \"Sherlock Holmes\" into the search engine of the \"Internet Movie Database\" at www.imdb.com will retrieve10) hundreds of titles， including drama， comedy， pastiche11)， cartoons， and all sorts of other stories that borrow the characters of Holmes and Watson.

The two best-known Holmes of our time are probably Basil Rathbone and Jeremy Brett. Rathbone played Holmes in 14 films between 1939 and 1946; some were filmed adaptations of Conan Doyle's stories， while others used newly created plots. In the 1980's， Jeremy Brett acted Holmes in 36 episodes12) and four films produced by Granada Television in England and shown on PBS13).

In recent years， both Robert Downey Jr. and Benedict Cumberbatch have portrayed the famous detective， Sherlock Holmes， with wit and panache14)， the first in Hollywood movie Sherlock Homes (2009 2011) and the latter in a BBC TV series Sherlock15).

柯南·道爾在世時，夏洛克·福爾摩斯的故事在英國和美國被拍成了無聲電影。在美國，吉勒特的一部福爾摩斯舞臺劇被搬上了大銀幕，由約翰·巴里莫爾出演福爾摩斯。而在1920年至1923年間，英國演員埃利·諾伍德共在47部無聲電影中扮演了福爾摩斯。在“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)電影數(shù)據(jù)庫”(www.imdb.com)的搜索欄鍵入“Sherlock Holmes”，便能檢索出數(shù)百個條目，包括戲劇、喜劇、模仿作品、動畫片以及借用福爾摩斯和華生這兩個角色的各種其他作品。

當(dāng)代最著名的兩位福爾摩斯的扮演者可能要數(shù)巴茲爾·拉思伯恩和杰里米·布雷特了。在1939年至1946年間，拉思伯恩共在14部影片中出演了福爾摩斯，這14部影片部分改編自柯南·道爾的小說，部分則是新創(chuàng)作的情節(jié)。20世紀(jì)80年代，杰里米·布雷特在英國格拉納達電視臺制作的36集電視劇和4部電影中飾演了福爾摩斯，這些影視劇曾在美國公共電視臺播出。

近幾年，小羅伯特·唐尼和本尼迪克特·康伯巴奇都飾演了福爾摩斯這位著名偵探，兩人皆智慧超群、神氣十足——前者在好萊塢大片《大偵探福爾摩斯》(2009年和2011年)中亮相，而后者則在BBC系列劇《神探夏洛克》中大展身手。

Further Adventures 福爾摩斯的新歷險

Search for \"Sherlock Holmes\" on any internet bookseller's site， and thousands upon thousands of titles will appear. Since Conan Doyle's time， writers have been tempted to create their own tales using Holmes as inspiration. Every Holmes is different. Some authors concentrate upon Holmes's drug addiction or have him meet a famous historical figure. Some focus on his relationship with Watson， while others invent a lady-friend for him or choose a female acquaintance from the books to be his paramour16). Sometimes Moriarty17) returns， sometimes Holmes's brother Mycroft. Occasionally Holmes acquires offspring. In the past two years alone， at least two dozen novels or short story collections have come out， not to mention several new editions of the original works.

Here are some recent fictional treatments: Caleb Carr's The Italian Secretary takes Holmes and Watson into the realm of the supernatural. In Mitch Cullin's A Slight Trick of the Mind， Holmes is in his nineties and has become rather forgetful. Laurie King's series portrays an aging， but still vital， Holmes and his young wife. Thos. Kent Miller in The Great Detective at the Crucible of Life involves Holmes in a Rider Haggard18) story in Africa， and Sherlock Holmes and the Search for Excalibur winds up a trilogy by Luke Steven Fullenkamp in which Holmes and Moriarty seek the famous sword. (If that seems far-fetched， consider this: in a 1958 short story called \"The Martian Crown Jewels\"， science-fiction author Poul Anderson sent Holmes to Mars.) Some authors focus on Mrs. Hudson， Holmes and Watson's faithful landlady， or on other minor characters. Others stay busy figuring out what Holmes did during those years between \"The Final Problem\" and \"The Empty House\"， when Watson thought him dead.

隨便在一家網(wǎng)上書店搜索“福爾摩斯”，你都能得到成千上萬條檢索結(jié)果。從柯南·道爾生活的年代起，作家們都經(jīng)不住福爾摩斯的誘惑，紛紛以他為靈感創(chuàng)作了自己的故事，故事中的福爾摩斯可謂千姿百態(tài)、各不相同。一些作家著力描寫福爾摩斯如何沉迷于毒品或是讓他遇到某位歷史名人。一些作家聚焦于福爾摩斯和華生的關(guān)系，還有一些作家則為福爾摩斯虛構(gòu)了一位女友或是從原著中找了位福爾摩斯熟識的異性做他的情婦。有時大反派莫里亞蒂死而復(fù)生，有時福爾摩斯的哥哥米克羅夫特再次出現(xiàn)。間或還有幾本書寫到福爾摩斯有了孩子。僅在過去兩年間，就至少有24本小說或短篇小說集問世，更不用提還有一些原作的新版涌現(xiàn)。

下面是最近的一些小說：凱萊布·卡爾的《意大利大臣》將福爾摩斯和華生帶入了靈異世界；米奇·庫林的《心靈詭計》中的福爾摩斯年屆九十，有些健忘；在勞里·金的系列小說中，福爾摩斯雖上了年紀(jì)，但卻仍舊充滿活力，還有位年輕的妻子；在托馬斯·肯特·米勒的《大偵探的艱難歲月》中，福爾摩斯卷入了賴德·哈格德筆下的一個非洲故事；盧克·史蒂文·富倫坎普的三部曲終結(jié)篇《夏洛克·福爾摩斯神劍搜尋記》中，福爾摩斯和莫里亞蒂在尋找著名的亞瑟王神劍(如果說這有點離譜，看看這個：在1958年的短篇小說《火星皇冠寶石》中，科幻小說作家波爾·安德森把福爾摩斯派去了火星)。一些作家將注意力聚焦在了福爾摩斯和華生忠實的房東哈德森太太或其他次要人物身上。還有一些作家忙著弄清在《最后一案》和《空屋》之間、華生以為福爾摩斯已死的那些年里福爾摩斯做了些什么。

The Grand Game19)“福學(xué)”研究

What do we really know about Holmes? Who is he? Where was he born， who were his parents， where did he go to school? Is he English? French? American? These questions are irrelevant， you might argue， because we know that Holmes is a literary character， not a real person. A large group of dedicated people from all over the world might not agree. They call themselves Sherlockians， and they play at \"the Grand Game\"， according to which Holmes and Watson are real people and Conan Doyle is their rather incompetent literary agent.

In 1912， Ronald A. Knox， a detective-story writer and Catholic priest， wrote an article called \"Studies in the Literature of Sherlock Holmes\". The article's assumption that Sherlock Holmes was a real person caught the fancy of writer and editor Christopher Morley， who formed a Sherlockian club called the Baker Street Irregulars that continues to meet today. Other Sherlockian societies with their own publications also exist and can be found on the web.

Conan Doyle wrote the Holmes stories quickly， never imagining that they would receive much scrutiny20). If he forgot a date or fact from a previous story， he forged21) ahead without looking it up. This bad habit has resulted in some startling discrepancies22). Was Watson wounded in the leg or the arm? How could Watson's deceased23) wife be on a visit to her mother's? Is Watson's given name \"James\" or \"John\"? To correct these and other inconsistencies， Sherlockians comb24) the \"canon25)\"， or \"sacred writings\"， for clues， seek secondary sources (inventing some themselves when all else fails)， and write \"scholarly\" articles， using Holmes's methods to solve contradictions in the works or following clues to add new \"facts\" to Holmes's and Watson's biographies.

The Game is played seriously， but is played best when it avoids pomposity26). Christopher Morley once wrote， \"What other body of modern literature is esteemed as much for its errors as its felicities27)?\" Conan Doyle， on the other hand， wondered why anyone \"should spend such pains on such material\". He alone， it seems， was immune to the fascination exerted28) by Sherlock Holmes and John Watson on generations of readers.

對于福爾摩斯，我們真正了解多少呢？他是誰？他出生在哪里，父母是誰，又在哪兒上的學(xué)？他是英國人、法國人，還是美國人？你可能會說，這些問題無關(guān)緊要，因為我們知道福爾摩斯只是一個文學(xué)人物，并不是真實存在的人。然而世界上有那么一群為數(shù)不少的執(zhí)著之人，他們可能就不大認同這一說法了。他們自稱福爾摩斯迷，熱衷于“福學(xué)”研究?！案W(xué)”認為福爾摩斯和華生確有其人，柯南·道爾只不過是他們極不稱職的文學(xué)經(jīng)紀(jì)人罷了。

1912年，偵探小說作家、天主教神父羅納德·A·諾克斯寫了一篇題為《夏洛克·福爾摩斯文學(xué)研究》的文章。文中關(guān)于福爾摩斯真實存在的猜想引起了作家兼編輯克里斯托弗·莫利的興趣，他成立了一個名為“貝克街小分隊”的福爾摩斯迷俱樂部，該俱樂部至今仍在舉辦聚會。網(wǎng)上還能找到其他一些福爾摩斯迷社團，這些社團都擁有自己的出版物。

柯南·道爾創(chuàng)作福爾摩斯系列小說時下筆匆匆，從未想過小說日后會受到如此細致的審視。要是忘了前一本書中的某個日期或某個情節(jié)，他也會埋頭往下寫，從不回頭查證。這個壞習(xí)慣導(dǎo)致小說前后的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了一些很大的出入。華生受傷的地方到底是腿部還是手臂？華生已經(jīng)亡故的妻子怎么又回了娘家？華生的名是“詹姆斯”還是“約翰”？為糾正這些問題以及其他前后矛盾之處，福爾摩斯迷們便細細查閱“真作全集”或“權(quán)威著作”來挖掘線索，還會尋找一些二手資料(如果一切均告失敗就自己杜撰些出來)，撰寫“學(xué)術(shù)性”文章，在文中用福爾摩斯辦案的方法來破解書中的矛盾，或根據(jù)已知的線索為福爾摩斯和華生的生平增添一些新的“事實”。

對于“福學(xué)”研究，福爾摩斯迷們毫不含糊，但只有在避免浮夸時才能做到最好。克里斯托弗·莫利曾經(jīng)寫道：“還有什么現(xiàn)代文學(xué)作品能因措辭精當(dāng)及其錯誤而備受推崇？”不過另一方面，柯南·道爾本人卻很疑惑為何有人“肯在這些材料上苦費工夫”。夏洛克·福爾摩斯和約翰·華生的故事讓一代又一代的讀者著迷不已，只有柯南·道爾本人似乎不為所動。

1.deerstalker cap: 獵鹿帽(原為獵鹿者戴的一種前后都有鴨舌的帽子)

2.calabash [?k?l?b??] n. 葫蘆煙斗

3.permutation [?p??mju?te??n] n. 改變；更動

4.afoot [??f?t] adj. 在進行中的

5.sleuth [slu?θ] vi. <口>當(dāng)偵探；偵查

6.do with: 以……對付過去，以……湊合著用

7.lackluster [?l?kl?st?(r)] adj. 無生氣的；平凡的

8.scraggly [?skr?ɡli] adj. 蓬亂的，不整齊的

9.moody [?mu?di] adj. 給人以悲傷(或神秘)感覺的

10.retrieve [r??tri?v] vt. 【計】檢索

11.pastiche [p??sti??] n. 模仿作品

12.episode [?ep?s??d] n. (戲劇、電影、電視等的)連續(xù)劇的一出(或一集、一部分)

13.PBS: 美國公共電視臺，全稱Public Broadcasting Service，是美國的一個公共電視機構(gòu)，由354個加盟電視臺組成。

14.panache [p??n??] n. 炫耀，夸示；神氣十足

15.Sherlock: 《神探夏洛克》，英國BBC播出的電視劇，于2010年首播。劇中將福爾摩斯的故事放到了現(xiàn)代背景之中，福爾摩斯用起了手機，而華生則玩起了博客。

16.paramour [?p?r?m??(r)] n. 情婦

17.Moriarty: 莫里亞蒂，《福爾摩斯探案》系列小說中的大反派。在《最后一案》中，福爾摩斯受政府之托追蹤莫里亞蒂這個罪犯，最后決斗時兩人雙雙墜入瀑布深谷，福爾摩斯奇跡生還，莫里亞蒂則命喪深淵。

18.Rider Haggard: 賴德·哈格德(1856～1925)，英國小說家，代表作為《所羅門的寶藏》。哈格德長年住在非洲，作品多是非洲大陸的冒險之旅。

19.The Grand Game: “福學(xué)”研究。與中國的“紅學(xué)”類似，國外也有“福學(xué)”研究，福爾摩斯迷們撰寫各類研究福爾摩斯的文章，提出諸如“福爾摩斯確實存在”等眾多猜想，給出各種證據(jù)，并有專門的著作出版。

20.scrutiny [?skru?t?ni] n. 仔細的研究

21.forge [f??d?] vi. (迎著困難)穩(wěn)步前進(ahead)

22.discrepancy [d?s?krep?nsi] n. 不相符之處，不一致之處

23.deceased [d??si?st] adj. 已死的

24.comb [k??m] vt. 在……搜尋，在……四處找

25.canon [?k?n?n] n. 公認的某作家真作全集

26.pomposity [p?m?p?s?ti] n. 虛夸的作風(fēng)；浮華的言詞

27.felicity [f??l?s?ti] n. 恰當(dāng)?shù)恼Z句；精妙的想法

28.exert [?ɡ?z??t] vt. 發(fā)揮；施加