張 祎,韓日疇
(廣東省昆蟲研究所,廣州 510260)
狄斯瓦螨Varroa destructor(Anderson&Trueman,2000)是對(duì)世界養(yǎng)蜂業(yè)危害最大的蜜蜂寄生蟲,廣泛分布于東方蜜蜂、西方蜜蜂上。在歐洲和北美洲地區(qū)每年有幾百萬(wàn)群意大利蜜蜂被毀滅,間接導(dǎo)致數(shù)十億美元的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失 (Martin et al.,2004)。如今,除澳大利亞和非洲的部分地區(qū)還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)狄斯瓦螨外,全世界其他地方只要有蜜蜂生存的地方就有狄斯瓦螨的危害 (周婷,2005;羅其花等,2010)。狄斯瓦螨可危害蜜蜂封蓋幼蟲、蛹和成蜂,同時(shí)攜帶并傳播蜜蜂病毒,與梅氏熱厲螨 Tropilaelaps mercedesae共感染 (Luo et al.,2011),從而造成蜂群生產(chǎn)力嚴(yán)重下降,乃至全群毀滅。狄斯瓦螨對(duì)意大利蜜蜂的危害遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于其原始寄主——中華蜜蜂 (Peng et al.,1987)。而在南美的熱帶地區(qū),如巴西等國(guó)家的非洲化蜜蜂 (Africanized honey bees,AHB)對(duì)狄斯瓦螨也具有一定的耐受性,30多年來(lái)都沒有嚴(yán)重的螨害爆發(fā) (Calderón et al.,2010)。究其原因,狄斯瓦螨的繁殖特性與蜜蜂的生物學(xué)特性密切相關(guān),控制狄斯瓦螨的繁殖是控制瓦螨種群數(shù)量增長(zhǎng)的最有效的方式。本文將對(duì)狄斯瓦螨的繁殖特性、對(duì)蜜蜂的危害及目前的防治方法等展開介紹。
狄斯瓦螨的繁殖期是在蜂巢內(nèi)完成的,成年雌螨進(jìn)入即將封蓋的幼蟲巢房,60 h后產(chǎn)下第一粒卵 (雄螨),接著再產(chǎn)2~5粒卵 (雌螨)。發(fā)育為雌螨的卵經(jīng)24 h孵化為6足的幼蟲,經(jīng)48 h左右變?yōu)?足的前期若蟲,隨后蛻皮成后期若蟲,再經(jīng)3 d發(fā)育為成螨,整個(gè)發(fā)育期為6~9 d。雄螨整個(gè)發(fā)育期為6~7 d。雌螨一生中有3~7個(gè)產(chǎn)卵周期,最多可產(chǎn)30粒卵。影響狄斯瓦螨繁殖力的因素主要有:1)雌螨的繁殖力;2)蜜蜂蛹的封蓋歷期;3)蜜蜂幼蟲的吸引力;4)巢房大小與類型。
雌螨的繁殖力對(duì)種群的繁殖具有關(guān)鍵作用,影響因素多 (H?nel& Koeniger,1987;Calderón et al.,2007,2012)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雌螨在蜂房?jī)?nèi)繁殖及其后代的性別由其宿主的齡期決定:成熟雌螨進(jìn)入新封蓋的預(yù)蛹房首先產(chǎn)雄螨卵隨后才產(chǎn)雌螨卵 (Garrido&Rosenkranz,2003),但是如果將轉(zhuǎn)到蛹期的蜂房中則僅有少數(shù) (6%)的雌螨會(huì)首先產(chǎn)雄螨卵。如果缺少雄螨,則導(dǎo)致子代雌螨無(wú)法正常交配,從而不育。如果宿主發(fā)育提前或滯后都會(huì)影響雌螨的生育力 (Kirrane et al.,2011)。另外,工蜂房?jī)?nèi)子代螨發(fā)育不全 (40.6%)(Calderón et al.,2007;Carneiro et al.,2007),且子代雌螨不育 (Calderón et al.,2012)等因素也影響雌螨的繁殖力,因?yàn)楫?dāng)子代螨還沒有發(fā)育成熟時(shí),蜜蜂已經(jīng)出房,而不成熟的子代螨則還留在蜂房?jī)?nèi),被清潔蜂清除。
狄斯瓦螨的的繁殖只發(fā)生在封蓋巢房?jī)?nèi),因此封蓋歷期對(duì)狄斯瓦螨的繁殖具有重要的意義。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),蜂房封蓋后約45.0±25.0 h雌螨開始產(chǎn)卵,隨后每產(chǎn) 1粒卵間隔 27.3±2.0 h(Calderón et al.,2012)。封蓋期為 14 d 的歐洲意大利蜜蜂雄蜂房中,1頭雌螨可以產(chǎn)生5頭成熟雌螨后代。蜜蜂的封蓋期越短,狄斯瓦螨繁殖的時(shí)間越短,能夠成熟出房的狄斯瓦螨越少,從而會(huì)導(dǎo)致種群群體下降。有研究表明,封蓋期減少1 h,狄斯瓦螨種群將下降8.7%。
雄蜂房的瓦螨感染率是工蜂房的8~10倍,主要原因有:(1)在蜂群中瓦螨進(jìn)入工蜂巢房是在封蓋前15~20 h,而進(jìn)入雄蜂房則是在封蓋前40~50 h;(2)清潔蜂身上的成年雌螨傾向于選擇5齡雄蜂房 (Calderone&Kuenen,2003);(3)工蜂房?jī)?nèi)雌螨的不育率明顯高于雄蜂房 (Calderón et al.,2007;Maggi et al.,2010),將工蜂房?jī)?nèi)不育的雌螨轉(zhuǎn)到雄蜂房,則可以重新繁殖后代。(4)雄蜂房?jī)?nèi)的次代可育螨 (次代螨中同時(shí)含有雄螨和雌螨)高于工蜂房 (Calderón et al.,2007)。(5)工蜂房?jī)?nèi)有很多發(fā)育不成熟的子代螨,而雄蜂房?jī)?nèi)不會(huì)出現(xiàn)子代螨不成熟的情況 (Calderón et al.,2007)。(6)工蜂房?jī)?nèi)的成年雄螨死亡率顯著高于雄蜂房 (Calderón et al.,2012)。調(diào)查 Costa Rica地區(qū)的非洲化意蜂群的工蜂房與雄蜂房?jī)?nèi)的雄螨發(fā)現(xiàn),工蜂房?jī)?nèi)的雄螨死亡率達(dá)23.9%,而雄蜂房?jī)?nèi)為6.9%。另外有些雌螨可能沒有生育雄螨,使得工蜂房?jī)?nèi)雄螨缺失率達(dá)40.0%,雄蜂房?jī)?nèi)則僅為21.3%。(7)巢房的深度和寬度影響狄斯瓦螨的繁殖,在寬而淺的蜂房中容易受到狄斯瓦螨的侵染 (Piccirillo&De Jong,2003)。因此,雄蜂幼蟲較工蜂幼蟲更易于感染蜂螨。
狄斯瓦螨侵染蜜蜂是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的過程,信息素在其中具有重要的作用。狄斯瓦螨通常被清潔蜂和5齡幼蟲吸引,不同年齡的初生蜂對(duì)狄斯瓦螨的吸引力不同,小于3 h的初生蜂對(duì)狄斯瓦螨的吸引力明顯不如清潔蜂,但是18~20 h初生蜂的吸引力就相當(dāng)于清潔蜂了。出勤蜂身上攜帶的信息素不但沒有吸引力,反而分泌干擾狄斯瓦螨侵染宿主的信息素,如出勤蜂攜帶的 (Z)-8-heptadecene就是一種瓦螨驅(qū)逐物質(zhì),并導(dǎo)致狄斯瓦螨子代數(shù)量的減少 (Nazzi et al.,2002;Del Piccolo et al.,2010)。清潔蜂的表面粗提物中也同時(shí)存在吸引和排斥狄斯瓦螨的信息素,而香葉醇和橙花叔醇可能是清潔蜂利用合成利它素從而控制種群內(nèi)狄斯瓦螨數(shù)量的一種策略 (Pernal et al.,2005)。蜂王漿物質(zhì)和巢脾提取物都含有抑制狄斯瓦螨繁殖的物質(zhì) (Nazzi& Milani,1996,Drijfhout et al.,2005)。
2.1.1 影響蜜蜂的體重
狄斯瓦螨以蜜蜂的血淋巴為食,成年雌螨在蜂蛹的表皮上打孔喂養(yǎng)它的子代,研究表明狄斯瓦螨的唾液蛋白能夠抑制血細(xì)胞凝集,阻止蜜蜂的傷口愈合并減少相應(yīng)的宿主反應(yīng) (Richards et al.,2011)。因此,狄斯瓦螨可以從1個(gè)孔重復(fù)多次吸食血淋巴 (Kanbar&Engels,2003)。它們通常在腹部第二節(jié)打1個(gè)孔,極少數(shù)有3個(gè)孔,隨著蜂蛹的發(fā)育生長(zhǎng),孔的直徑也隨著增加。在1頭幼蟲房中通常有4~5個(gè)雌螨及其后代侵染的話,傷口的愈合就會(huì)延遲直到蛻皮成蜂 (Kanbar&Engels,2003),但造成蜜蜂發(fā)育不良,體重下降(Yang&Cox-foster,2005)。體重的下降幅度依賴雌螨及其繁殖力的變化,但是即使只有1頭雌螨也會(huì)導(dǎo)致工蜂體重下降約 7% (de Jong et al.,1982);若是雄蜂體重則下降11%~19%(Duay et al.,2002)。
2.1.2 影響蜜蜂的生理狀態(tài)
狄斯瓦螨的寄生會(huì)改變蜜蜂的生理學(xué)特征。研究表明,工蜂在蛹期被螨寄生過的蜜蜂發(fā)育至成蜂時(shí)其體內(nèi)的卵黃蛋白原濃度、血淋巴中總蛋白存量、血細(xì)胞特征和蛻皮激素含量都發(fā)生變化,很難維持蜜蜂過冬(Amdam et al.,2004)。雄蜂被侵染后則導(dǎo)致缺少3個(gè)中分子和小分子蛋白,且酸性蛋白的活性顯著 (P<0.05)降低,堿性蛋白的活性升高,但總蛋白含量沒有顯著變化(Zó?towska et al.,2005)。狄斯瓦螨的寄生顯著降低蜜蜂的體重,削弱了蜜蜂的免疫系統(tǒng),缺乏可誘導(dǎo)的酚氧化酶(Gregory et al.,2005;Yang&Cox-foster,2005)。最近研究表明花粉可以激活蜜蜂的營(yíng)養(yǎng)傳感和代謝途徑,并且使得與壽命相關(guān)和抗菌肽相關(guān)的基因表達(dá)上調(diào)。但是狄斯瓦螨導(dǎo)致的病毒增殖以及抑制蜜蜂的基本需求蛋白的代謝不會(huì)因?yàn)槭橙』ǚ鄱玫礁纳苹蛘哒f(shuō)逆轉(zhuǎn) (Alaux et al.,2011)。
2.1.3 影響蜜蜂的飛行學(xué)習(xí)等能力
工蜂在發(fā)育過程中被狄斯瓦螨侵染則會(huì)導(dǎo)致過早轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槌銮诜洌@著縮短其壽命(De Jong et al.,1982;Amdam et al.,2004),雄蜂則會(huì)削弱其飛行能力和降低產(chǎn)精量 (Duay et al.,2002)。成年的出勤蜂被狄斯瓦螨寄生則降低其學(xué)習(xí)能力,干擾其方向感,降低認(rèn)知功能,缺乏對(duì)環(huán)境刺激的響應(yīng)能力,削弱對(duì)巢門的定位,降低其返巢率,可能狄斯瓦螨嚴(yán)重影響蜜蜂神經(jīng)系統(tǒng) (Kralj et al.,2007)。目前,還沒有研究表明狄斯瓦螨是否直接對(duì)蜂王造成危害 (Drijfhout et al.,2005)。
2.1.4 影響蜂群的生存和發(fā)展
蜜蜂蜂群也會(huì)由于狄斯瓦螨的侵害而崩潰。在合適的條件下,只要狄斯瓦螨感染率超過7%,過冬蜂群可全群覆滅;夏天的蜂群中成年蜂的狄斯瓦螨寄生率如達(dá)到30% 而不采取防治措施的話,則幾乎無(wú)法渡過同年冬天 (Rosenkranz et al.,2010)。意大利蜜蜂被狄斯瓦螨的寄生后抗壓能力減弱,難以承受低溫 (de Guzman et al.,2005)。因此,建議蜂農(nóng)在過冬前和冬天維持較低的螨水平。一般來(lái)說(shuō),人們把過冬蜂群的消失歸結(jié)為單因素影響的結(jié)果,如DWV是影響蜜蜂過冬能力的主要因素 (Dainat et al.2012)。但是,Hedtke et al.(2011)經(jīng)過6年監(jiān)測(cè)22個(gè)蜂場(chǎng)的220群蜂發(fā)現(xiàn):過冬蜂群消失大概維持在4.8% ~22.4%之間,在此期間監(jiān)測(cè)狄斯瓦螨、病毒、微孢子蟲的動(dòng)態(tài)變化發(fā)現(xiàn):春季和夏季狄斯瓦螨的感染導(dǎo)致蜂群隨后受到DWV、微孢子蟲的感染以及白堊病的爆發(fā)。蜂群的消失是多因素共同作用的結(jié)果。狄斯瓦螨可以作為過冬蜂群是否消失的預(yù)警信號(hào)之一,具有非常關(guān)鍵的作用,但具有季節(jié)依賴性(Dainat et al.,2012)。
2.2.1 促進(jìn)蜜蜂病毒的傳播
狄斯瓦螨攜帶并傳播各種蜜蜂病毒(Tentcheva et al.,2004;Shen et al.,2005;Parrella et al.,2006;Chen et al.,2006;Chantawannakul et al.,2006)。目前為止,被分離的蜜蜂病毒有18種,其中大部分都可被狄斯瓦螨攜帶。主要有卡什米爾病病毒 (Kashmir Bee Virus,KBV),腐幼病病毒(Sacbrood Virus,SBV),急性麻痹病病毒(A-cute Bee Paralysis Virus,ABPV),以色列麻痹病病毒(Israeli Acute Paralysis Virus,IAPV)和殘翅病病毒(Deformed Wing Virus,DWV)。狄斯瓦螨可以通過水平傳播和垂直傳播病毒并通過誘導(dǎo)宿主免疫抑制反應(yīng)激活這些潛伏病毒 (Yang&Coxfoster,2005;Santillán-Galicia et al.,2008)。如,DWV病毒首先在狄斯瓦螨體內(nèi)復(fù)制繁殖,再大量傳至蜂蛹使得蜂蛹發(fā)育不全,導(dǎo)致殘翅 (Genersch&Aubert,2010),甚至直接影響蜂群的過冬能力(Dainat et al.,2012)。研究表明,蜜蜂病毒的單獨(dú)存在并不威脅蜜蜂的健康,如果將病毒粒子注射到蜂蛹的血腔,同時(shí)注射狄斯瓦螨的唾液蛋白類物質(zhì)則激活潛伏的病毒才能產(chǎn)生典型的病毒病癥狀 (Genersch&Aubert,2010)。而當(dāng)?shù)宜雇唑筒《就瑫r(shí)存在時(shí),可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致降低蜂王的卵巢功能 (Gauthier et al.,2011)。一般來(lái)說(shuō)蜜蜂群勢(shì)越強(qiáng)對(duì)病毒的抵抗力越強(qiáng),了解病毒動(dòng)態(tài)變化對(duì)于了解蜜蜂疾病的發(fā)病機(jī)理非常關(guān)鍵。影響病毒動(dòng)態(tài)變化的因素有蜂群中狄斯瓦螨的密度和感染時(shí)間、溫度的變化 (Di Prisco et al.,2011)及殺螨劑的殘留 (Locke et al.,2012)。了解宿主與病毒的關(guān)系有助于開發(fā)病害的有效防控方法 (Di Prisco et al.,2011)。
目前,隨著狄斯瓦螨的傳播,DWV演化出新的變種,命名為狄斯瓦螨病毒 (Varroa destructor virus 1,VDV-1)(Ongus et al.,2007;Moore et al.,2011;Zioni et al.,2011)。該病毒與 DWV 共感染蜜蜂,并產(chǎn)生重組體VDV-1-DWV,重組體是強(qiáng)毒株使得蜜蜂表現(xiàn)明顯殘翅癥狀 (Zioni et al.,2011)。
2.2.2 殺螨劑對(duì)蜜蜂的危害
隨著各種殺螨劑的施用,殺螨劑本身對(duì)蜜蜂的毒性問題也逐漸受到關(guān)注。Pettis et al.(2004)發(fā)現(xiàn)用抗生素防治瓦螨會(huì)導(dǎo)致蜜蜂幼蟲的死亡,將200 mg四環(huán)素溶于20 g蔗糖水中飼喂蜜蜂會(huì)導(dǎo)致80% 的幼蟲死亡,而溶菌素和林肯霉素則當(dāng)含量達(dá)到1000 mg每20 g蔗糖水時(shí)也會(huì)導(dǎo)致57%的幼蟲死亡。草酸是研究最多的有機(jī)殺螨劑,能有效殺死瓦螨,但是實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定草酸對(duì)蜜蜂有慢性毒力作用 (Aliano et al.,2006)。而蜂箱實(shí)驗(yàn)表明,春天使用甲酸和草酸治螨,夏天蜂群難以復(fù)壯且蜂產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量降低,而甲酸對(duì)蜂王有明顯的直接毒性,甚至可以致死蜂王 (Giovenazzo&Dubreuil,2011)。Apiguard?(主要成分是百里酚,也叫麝香草酚)則影響蜜蜂的行為,特別是出勤蜂 (Mondet et al.,2011)。百里酚、蠅毒磷則改變蜜蜂的解毒功能,干擾蜜蜂的發(fā)育,削弱免疫系統(tǒng)(Boncristiani et al,2011)。氟蟲腈有可能引起蜂群的消失 (Bernal et al.,2011)。而巢脾中殺螨劑的殘留會(huì)導(dǎo)致蜜蜂出現(xiàn)亞致死現(xiàn)象,即幼蟲發(fā)育羽化的時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),成蜂壽命縮短,衛(wèi)生蜂過早的轉(zhuǎn)化為出勤蜂。另外,發(fā)育歷期的延長(zhǎng),使得狄斯瓦螨的繁殖時(shí)間延長(zhǎng),有可能使得螨害更加嚴(yán)重 (Wu et al.,2011)。更值得注意的是有些有機(jī)磷殺螨劑會(huì)導(dǎo)致人的紅血球細(xì)胞變形(Szatkowska et al.,2011)。因此,殺螨劑的殘留問題越來(lái)越引起人們的重視。
當(dāng)然,并不是所有殺螨劑都會(huì)產(chǎn)生副作用,左旋咪唑(levamisol)則不會(huì)擾亂蜜蜂的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育,而是使蜜蜂血淋巴中的總蛋白含量上升,降低瓦螨的侵染,但是并不清楚是哪些蛋白含量增加(Sokó? et al.,2003)。另外,有些藥物一直施用的話,蜜蜂也會(huì)習(xí)慣(Mondet et al.,2011)??赡苁且?yàn)槊鄯渚哂薪舛緳C(jī)制,研究表明蜜蜂的細(xì)胞色素P450家族中的 CYP9Q能夠使蜜蜂不受合成除蟲菊酯和有機(jī)磷毒蠅磷的毒害。CYP9Q可以將合成除蟲菊酯代謝成羧酸酯酶能夠代謝的物質(zhì),而毒蠅磷具有與合成除蟲菊酯相同的催化位點(diǎn),因此也能夠被降解,從而不對(duì)蜜蜂造成危害(Mao et al.,2011)。
狄斯瓦螨的防治技術(shù)有物理防治、化學(xué)防治及生物防治。
物理防治有熱處理、細(xì)粉末處理、分蜂處理等,這些方法能在一定程度上減少蜂螨的數(shù)量,但是這種方法耗時(shí)也耗力,在實(shí)際工作中很難進(jìn)行。割除雄蜂房可以減少瓦螨的數(shù)量,而不影響蜂群的健康,因此作為害蟲綜合防治的一個(gè)有用部分 (Calderone,2005;Wantuch et al.,2009)。
最有名的殺螨劑是化學(xué)合成藥劑“庫(kù)蠅磷”、擬除蟲菊酯、氟氯苯菊酯、甲脒 (雙甲瞇)。這些殺螨劑經(jīng)濟(jì)有效,易使用,不危害蜜蜂。不過易殘留并累積,如果同時(shí)使用多種殺螨劑則可能危害蜜蜂,污染蜂脾和蜂產(chǎn)品。另外,狄斯瓦螨16年前已經(jīng)對(duì)氟胺氰菊酯產(chǎn)生抗性,特別是除蟲菊酯類已產(chǎn)生交叉抗性,比如氟丙菊酯(acrinathrin)和氟氯苯菊酯 (flumethrin);還有是有機(jī)磷酸鹽,比如庫(kù)蠅磷和甲瞇??剐则漠a(chǎn)生與傳播將使瓦螨的防治效果更難以預(yù)料 (Lodesani,2004)。因此,科學(xué)家們傾向于開發(fā)天然物質(zhì)這種相對(duì)溫和的殺螨劑,主要有甲酸、草酸、乳酸、麝香草酚、百里酚、β-環(huán)糊精攜帶單帖烯類化合物等 (Ariana et al.,2002;Ostermann& Currie,2004;Elzen et al.,2004;Satta et al.,2005;Underwood&Currie,2005;胡福良等,2005;Bacandritsos et al., 2007;van Engelsdorp et al.,2008),這些物質(zhì)的防治效果與施用方式、劑量以及蜂箱內(nèi)的環(huán)境條件 (溫度和濕度)或者當(dāng)?shù)貧夂蛳嚓P(guān) (Underwood&Currie,2003;Ostermann&Currie,2004;Elzen et al.,2004),實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定發(fā)現(xiàn),溫度和換氣率會(huì)直接影響瓦螨的壽命 (Kozak&Currie,2011)。也許調(diào)整施用方式可以避免或者減少傷害,比如蟻酸防治瓦螨,低濃度長(zhǎng)時(shí)間比高濃度短時(shí)間的要更好,因?yàn)榭梢杂行Э刂仆唑晃:Ψ渫?(Underwood&Currie,2005),而熏蒸也許是更好的施用方式,用50%的蟻酸熏蒸17 h可以有效殺死封蓋子中和成年蜂體上的螨,而對(duì)蜂王和未封蓋子均無(wú)害 (van Engelsdorp et al.,2008)。最近,人們又發(fā)現(xiàn)桃心木屬提取物 (El Zalabani et al.,2012)、百里香、大茴香,桉樹提取物 (Ghasemi et al.,2011)、以及苦楝種子油(González-Gómez et al.,2012)等具有殺螨效果的天然產(chǎn)物,且百里香精油和苦楝種子油的殺螨效果很好,有望開發(fā)成新的殺螨劑。
不可否認(rèn),藥物治螨起了一定的積極作用。但是,連續(xù)和大范圍使用導(dǎo)致的狄斯瓦螨抗藥性和蜂產(chǎn)品污染問題嚴(yán)重 (Maggi et al.,2010,2011)。1994年,最先發(fā)現(xiàn)蠅毒磷在蜂蜜中的殘留,2005年之后,殺螨劑殘留問題日益嚴(yán)重,各個(gè)國(guó)家相繼發(fā)表研究報(bào)告:西班牙發(fā)現(xiàn)麝香草酚(thymol)等揮發(fā)性香油在蜂蜜中殘留嚴(yán)重 (Adamczyk et al.,2005),蜂蠟中氟氰胺菊酯 (fluvalinate)殘留嚴(yán)重 (Adamczyk et al.,2010);希臘,各種殺螨劑在蜂蜜中都有殘留 (Karazafiris et al.,2008);意大利,魚藤酮 (rotenone)在蜂蜜和蜂蠟中殘留量 (Satta et al.,2005)大大超過歐盟標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。藥物的殘留給環(huán)境帶來(lái)污染 (Wiest et al.,2011),也使得瓦螨具有抗性 (Lipiński et al.,2007)??剐援a(chǎn)生的原因可能是瓦螨體內(nèi)細(xì)胞色素單加氧酶活性升高有關(guān) (Miozes-Koch et al.,2000)。Hillesheim(1998)發(fā)現(xiàn)瓦螨的抗藥性與其體內(nèi)的多功能氧化酶活性增強(qiáng)有關(guān),將酶的抑制劑添加到瓦螨防治藥液中,可增加藥液的毒殺效果。也有研究表明與瓦螨的體型大小有關(guān)(Maggi et al.,2011)??剐缘漠a(chǎn)生可能是一個(gè)綜合影響因素,有待進(jìn)一步研究。
根據(jù)蜜蜂的抗螨特性,如工蜂和蜂王巢房?jī)?nèi)狄斯瓦螨繁殖率低,推測(cè)該幼蟲的表皮信息物質(zhì)或者蜂王漿的成分對(duì)瓦螨有趨避作用 (曾志將等,2007),提取到了烴類物質(zhì)(Nazzi et al.,2002)和脂肪酸類物質(zhì) (Pernal et al.,2005;Drijfhout et al.,2005),其中用8-十七碳烯酸能夠減少30%的子代螨 (Nazzi et al.,2002)。另外,利用抗螨特性的可遺傳性,可以人工培育抗螨蜂群 (Danka et al.,2011)。
自然界中許多真菌能夠殺死小壁虱和蜱螨,是非常有潛力的生防微生物。Shaw et al.(2002)分離到40種對(duì)瓦螨有抑制作用真菌,分別屬于6個(gè)屬,如輪枝孢菌 Verticillium lecanii,被毛孢屬Hirsutella spp.,擬青霉屬 Paecilomyces spp.,白僵菌Beauveria bassiana,綠僵菌 Metarhizium spp.和彎頸霉屬 Tolypocladium spp.。通過實(shí)驗(yàn)室測(cè)定,防治效果最好的是輪枝孢菌、白僵菌和綠僵菌,7天內(nèi)致死率達(dá)100%。Peng et al.(2002)發(fā)現(xiàn)湯普森被毛孢H.thompsonii對(duì)瓦螨也有明顯抑制作用。隨后,Kanga et al.(2002,2003)將綠僵菌和湯普森被毛孢的孢子應(yīng)用于蜂箱內(nèi)防治狄斯瓦螨,21 d后可以看到致死的瓦螨,42 d后仍能觀察到孢子,并且在對(duì)照蜂箱內(nèi)可以觀察到所施用的孢子,說(shuō)明真菌孢子能夠通過成蜂在蜂箱之間傳播,但是對(duì)于封蓋內(nèi)的瓦螨沒有防治效果。Kanga et al.(2006)將綠僵菌與化學(xué)殺蟲劑Tau-xuvalinate(Apistan?)同時(shí)在蜂箱內(nèi)施用,比較兩者的殺螨效果。施用42 d后,Apistan處理組瓦螨減少了69倍,施用綠僵菌的則減少了25倍,空白對(duì)照則增加了1.3倍;但是Apistan處理組中封蓋巢房?jī)?nèi)的瓦螨增加了13倍,真菌處理組的增加了3.6倍。由此可見,真菌的殺螨效果與藥物相當(dāng),但是真菌不容易引起抗性,是非常有效的生防因子,不過,仍需要開發(fā)更加有效、方便的施用方式。Kanga et al.(2010)把綠僵菌孢子制成小餅狀混合物放在蜂箱內(nèi),7 d后孢子萌發(fā)率達(dá)98%,殺螨率達(dá)到97%,顯著降低封蓋巢房?jī)?nèi)的瓦螨數(shù)量。但是,蜂箱內(nèi)真菌孢子的毒力和致病力會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的延長(zhǎng)而降低,也許可以通過提高孢子的發(fā)芽效率和延長(zhǎng)儲(chǔ)存時(shí)間來(lái)解決這一問題,或者真菌與棕櫚蠟粉末共處理也可以到達(dá)很好的防治效果(Meikle et al.,2008)。目前并沒有研究真菌的殺螨機(jī)制。
細(xì)菌的次生代謝物也有殺螨潛力,Tsagou et al.(2004)發(fā)現(xiàn)微球菌Micrococcaceae和桿菌Bacillus sp.分泌的內(nèi)毒素和外毒素可以加速瓦螨的死亡。粘質(zhì)沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens分泌的幾丁質(zhì)酶對(duì)瓦螨具有致死作用 (Tu et al.,2010)。開發(fā)有效的細(xì)菌生物殺螨劑也許是一個(gè)可行的研究方向。
從目前的研究來(lái)看,人們對(duì)狄斯瓦螨與蜜蜂的相互作用、與病毒的相互作用等了解有限。如病毒是繼發(fā)感染還是協(xié)同作用?對(duì)于“狄斯瓦螨綜合癥”只能根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)氐沫h(huán)境條件而采取綜合管理防控方法,不足以提出一個(gè)徹底的解決方案,很難在短時(shí)間內(nèi)研發(fā)“安全,有效,易用性強(qiáng)”的防治技術(shù),或者培育耐受性蜂種。因此,我們需要更多的研究狄斯瓦螨生物學(xué)和蜜蜂病理學(xué),借助于交叉學(xué)科共同研究蜂螨與蜜蜂以及病原物的相互作用關(guān)系。狄斯瓦螨基因組序列的初步測(cè)定 (Cornman et al.,2010)以及RNAi等生物技術(shù)和基因工程技術(shù)的不斷成熟和應(yīng)用 (Campbell et al.,2010),環(huán)境友好型瓦螨防治方法終將會(huì)取代傳統(tǒng)的化學(xué)藥劑。
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