梁澤鴻全克林

（1.桂林理工大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 碩士研究生2.桂林理工大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院 教授 碩士研究生導(dǎo)師 廣西 桂林 541000）

1.引言

近年來，從語言學(xué)中分出一個(gè)新的學(xué)科-語用學(xué)。語用學(xué)是一門專門研究以語意為對象的從而對語言進(jìn)行理解和使用的學(xué)科。交際是最普遍的人類社會活動，而交際活動的進(jìn)行通常需要通過言語來表達(dá)。人們通過交際話語表達(dá)各自的思想、意圖、情感、目的等等。

2.《弗朗西斯·麥康伯短促的幸福生活》簡介

《弗朗西斯·麥康伯短促的幸福生活》是美國當(dāng)代著名小說家海明威的一部作品。該故事描述的是一位美國小伙子帶著自己的美貌的妻子到非洲打獵的事情。故事里的主人公麥康伯是一個(gè)懦弱的、怕妻子的男人。盡管他很有錢，日子也過得不錯，但是在妻子的嚴(yán)壓之下，好像不是那么幸福。麥康伯的妻子瑪格麗特是一位出了名的美人，但卻極愛出風(fēng)頭、炫耀自己。她看不起自己的丈夫，還經(jīng)常給麥康伯帶綠帽。對妻子的囂張氣焰，麥康伯顯得無能為力，也顯得無可奈何，只有忍氣吞聲，默默地承受妻子給他帶來的無形的壓力。俗話說人的忍耐力是有限的，物極必反。麥康伯在生活上、婚姻上是失敗了，但在精神上卻成了勇夫。他最終戰(zhàn)勝了自己的怯懦，用頑強(qiáng)的意志的與現(xiàn)實(shí)進(jìn)行抗?fàn)?，在生命即將到盡頭的剎那間，他把自己的形象改寫成勇夫，并讓在場的所有人無不為他感到敬佩。該小說中的人物對話，語言簡潔，犀利，集聚諷刺意味。通過人物對話，作者把小說中的人物思想，性格刻畫得淋漓盡致，栩栩如生，且對話內(nèi)容極賦哲理，耐人尋味。并能讓讀者深刻體會到作者的寫作風(fēng)格。

3.關(guān)聯(lián)理論的概述

Sperber和Wilson于1986年提出了關(guān)聯(lián)理論的說法，他們認(rèn)為對語義的表達(dá)和理解，必須與其他事物發(fā)生關(guān)聯(lián)（Sperberand Wilson 1986：172-3）。并認(rèn)為語言交際是一種認(rèn)知活動，認(rèn)知環(huán)境起著極其重要的作用。說話人和聽話人對認(rèn)知環(huán)境要有共識，這樣交際才能成功。認(rèn)知環(huán)境的因素包括客觀情景因素也包括主觀心里因素。他們還認(rèn)為理解話語的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是認(rèn)知假設(shè)，對事物的認(rèn)知要遵循關(guān)聯(lián)的原則-最佳關(guān)聯(lián)性。他們還認(rèn)為交際實(shí)際上也是一個(gè)明示-推理的過程。明示也就是說話人通過某種方式讓聽話人明確無誤的理解說話人意圖。推理是聽話人根據(jù)說話人所提供的信息，再結(jié)合本身的認(rèn)知語境（舊信息）和話語信息（新信息）對話語進(jìn)行推理，從而達(dá)到對話語的理解。

4.小說人物對話分析

據(jù)Sperber和Wilson的關(guān)聯(lián)論原理，交際活動就是認(rèn)知活動。說話人要表達(dá)的話語的真正目的和意圖如何能讓聽話人理解和明白這主要看雙方對認(rèn)知環(huán)境的共識。也就是說交際雙方對所說話語的話題和內(nèi)容都明了、清楚。交際話語實(shí)際上都包含著明說和暗含，那么聽話人是怎樣理解說話人的目的和意圖還得取決于交際雙方的互知信息的程度和推理。也就是交際雙方根據(jù)交際內(nèi)容，互相知道相關(guān)的語境信息-這種信息指的是說話當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境，說話人和聽話人的意愿，想法，設(shè)想等等。并且通過推理，實(shí)現(xiàn)互明。也就是聽話人把說話人的話語句意結(jié)合語境并加以推理，最終理解說話人的話語的本意。

1.IT was now lunch time and they were all sitting under thedouble green fly of the dining tent pretending that nothing hadhappened.

"Will you have lime juice or lemon squash?" Macomberasked.

"I'll have a gimlet," Robert Wilson told him.

"I'll have a gimlet too. I need something," Macomber's wifesaid.

"I suppose it's the thing to do," Macomber agreed. "Tell himto make three gimlets."

gimlet原意是手鉆，在這是用來指飲料名，在英語文化中，該詞有性暗示的意思。由于天氣炎熱，麥康伯建議喝飲料來解渴，威爾遜就趁此機(jī)會說要喝兌酸橙汁的杜松子酒，向馬格暗示其不軌行為，而馬格本身就不是一個(gè)安分守己的人，她從威爾遜明示的話語中聽出了暗含的意思，于是也就迅速的做出了回應(yīng)，與威爾遜達(dá)成默契。此時(shí)，兩人一拍即合就開始勾搭上了，為接下來的發(fā)生的故事做了鋪墊。然而，麥康伯還傻乎乎的蒙在鼓里，不知其所言，他只是聽出了說話人話語中明示的部分還真的以為是大家都口渴了，需要杜松子酒之類的東西來解渴。從這，我們就可以看出麥康伯還是一個(gè)比較單純的小伙子。馬格是個(gè)放蕩的女人。

"How is the beautiful red-faced Mr. Wilson? Are you feelingbetter, Francis, my pearl?"

"Oh, much," said Macomber.

"I've dropped the whole thing," she said, sitting down at thetable. "What importance is there to whether Francis is any good atkilling lions? That's not his trade. That's Mr. Wilson's trade. Mr.Wilson is really very impressive killing anything. You do kill anything,don't you?"

"Oh, anything," said Wilson. "Simply anything." They are, hethought, the hardest in the world; the hardest, the cruelest, themost predatory and the most attractive and their men have softenedor gone to pieces nervously as they have hardened. Or is it thatthey pick men they can handle? They can't know that much at theage they marry, he thought. He was grateful that he had gonethrough his education on American women before now becausethis was a very attractive one.

從馬格與威爾遜的調(diào)情的對話中，讀者完全可以看出馬格是一個(gè)徹底的“最冷酷、最狠心、最掠奪成性和最迷人人的”人。馬格問威爾遜：“你什么都打吧，對不？”從字面上看，這個(gè)什么指的是獵物還是人，這還得讓讀者好好推敲才行。如果是一個(gè)品行端正的人說出這句話，那么威爾遜所說的“什么都打”指的就是獵物一類的東西了。但是馬格說此番話是別有目的，她是醉翁之意不在酒，話里有話呀。當(dāng)然，威爾遜也不是個(gè)等閑之輩，于是兩人為接下來發(fā)生的事實(shí)做了進(jìn)一步的鋪墊，達(dá)成共識。

會話過程中的后一話語與前一話語，以及會話賴以存在的語境在語義和語用上都有一定的聯(lián)系（何兆熊2000：191-2）。關(guān)聯(lián)論認(rèn)為任何的話語都是有關(guān)聯(lián)的，話語的理解過程就是尋找關(guān)聯(lián)的過程。如果在較小的語境中找不到關(guān)聯(lián)，就得在較大的語境中尋找，直到找到話語的關(guān)聯(lián)為止，使話語在這個(gè)語境中具有語境效果。我們來看一下的對話：

3.he realized that his wife was not in the other cot in the tent.He lay awake with that knowledge for two hours. At the end of thattime his wife came into the tent, lifted her mosquito bar andcrawled cozily into bed.

"Where have you been?”Macomber asked in the darkness.

"Hello," she said. " Are you awake?”

"Where have you been?”

"I just went out to get a breath of air."

"You did, like hell."

"What do you want me to say, darling?"

"Where have you been?”

"Out to get a breath of air."

"That's a new name for it. You are a bitch."

"Well, you're a coward."

"All right," he said. "What of it?”

......

"There wasn't going to be any of that. You promised therewouldn't be."

"Well, there is now," she said sweetly.

隨著故事的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展，這天麥康伯發(fā)現(xiàn)馬格沒有在自己的帳篷里，他猜想馬格肯定是與威爾遜干好事去了。見到馬格，麥康伯連問了三次"Where have youbeen?”，馬格的回答好像都與該問題沒有直接的關(guān)聯(lián)。她沒有直接回答麥康伯她去了哪兒，而是問東答西，僻而不回答。按照常理來說這應(yīng)當(dāng)是交際失敗，但結(jié)合當(dāng)時(shí)的語境，我們不難從中找到關(guān)聯(lián)：現(xiàn)在是深夜，馬格能去哪？雖然我們從他們的對話中沒有直接找到答案，但馬格對麥康伯說："Well, there is now,"，我們很快就能找到該問題的答案了。從她跟麥康伯談話的語氣和內(nèi)容，我們可以看出，她不在乎也不理會麥康伯此刻的心情和感受。面對馬格的一次又一次出軌，麥康伯顯得太懦弱了。這種懦弱不僅體現(xiàn)在打獵上，在與馬格的婚姻上也是如此。讓大家都感到麥康伯軟弱到了極點(diǎn)，而馬格囂張也到了極點(diǎn)。馬格當(dāng)著麥康伯的面說"Well, you're a coward."但麥康伯還得祈求她以后不要再干這事。這樣的夫妻關(guān)系無不讓人同情麥康伯的遭遇。也讓人覺得馬格這樣對待自己的丈夫太不厚道了。

"That was a pretty thing to do," he said in a toneless voice.

"He would have left you too."

"Stop it," she said.

"Of course it's an accident," he said. "I know that."

"Stop it," she said.

"Don't worry," he said. "There will be a certain amount ofunpleasantness but I will have some photographs taken that will bevery useful at the inquest. There's the testimony of the gun-bearersand the driver too. You're perfectly all right."

"Stop it," she said.

"There's a hell of a lot to be done," he said. " And I'll have tosend a truck off to the lake to wireless for a plane to take the threeof us into Nairobi. Why didn't you poison him? That's what they doin England."

"Stop it. Stop it. Stop it," the woman cried.

Wilson looked at her with his flat blue eyes.

"I'm through now," he said. "I was a little angry. I'd begun tolike your husband."

"Oh, please stop it," she said. "Please, please stop it."

"That's better," Wilson said. "Please is much better. Now I'llstop."

從以上的對話中我們看出，不管威爾遜怎么說，馬格都是用"Stopit,"此時(shí)的威爾遜對麥康伯的轉(zhuǎn)變是肯定的、贊揚(yáng)的。從對話中我們也很容易的看出他對馬格的蔑視。他用極其犀利的話語來羞辱馬格，并說了這么一句話"That was apretty thing to do," "He would have left you too."。大家從此話中很容易就能體會出其含義-馬格這是蓄意謀殺。呼應(yīng)前文，正如作者在之前所描寫的那樣，馬格的的確確是“the hardestin the world; the hardest, the cruelest, the most predatory and themost attractive”來體現(xiàn)只是最合適不過了-說什么也沒辦法挽回是事實(shí)了。

5 結(jié)語

Sperber和Wilson的關(guān)聯(lián)論原理從認(rèn)知學(xué)的角度為我們提供了一種新的理解和欣賞文學(xué)小說的理論框架。用關(guān)聯(lián)理論來分析海明威此部小說《弗朗西斯·麥康伯短促的幸福生活》，更能從中領(lǐng)會小說中人物的性格特征以及作者的寫作風(fēng)格：海明威作中的主人公多數(shù)是勇敢、威猛、面對困難、曲折都臨危不懼的硬漢，雖然遭受命運(yùn)的戲弄，但依然風(fēng)度猶存。

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