一、關(guān)聯(lián)詞語

關(guān)聯(lián)詞語是復句中用來聯(lián)結(jié)分句，標明分句與分句之間關(guān)系的詞語。關(guān)聯(lián)詞語性質(zhì)復雜，能在復句中起關(guān)聯(lián)作用的主要有以下幾類詞語:

1.連詞。連詞是用來作關(guān)聯(lián)詞語的主要詞類，但并非所有連詞都能充當關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。

2.副詞。某些副詞可充當關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。起關(guān)聯(lián)作用的副詞仍舊保留原有的修飾作用。

3.有些短語也可以充當關(guān)聯(lián)詞語。

以下是句子之間常見的幾種關(guān)聯(lián)詞語:

1) 表示順序的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語:常用來表明一些想法或行為的順序。常見的詞語有:

first…，second…，third…;firstly…，secondly…，thirdly…;the former…，the latter…(前者……，后者……);to begin with=to start with (第一;首先);last but not least (最后但并不是最不重要的一點);finally=eventually=at last=in the end (最后，終于) 等等。

例:To begin with， we must consider the problem all-sidedly. 首先，我們必須全面地考慮這個問題。

Last but not least， we must thank our host for his hospitality. 最后但并非最不重要的一點是，我們得感謝主人的熱情好客。

He tried various jobs and in the end became an accountant. 他嘗試過各種各樣的工作，最后當上了會計。

2) 表示因果的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語:常用來表示做某事的原因或結(jié)果。常見的詞語有:

because of=due to=owing to=thanks to (因為，由于);as a result of=as a consequence of (作為……的結(jié)果);because (因為，由于);since，as (既然);as a result=as a consequence (因此);for (因為，由于);so，therefore，hence，in consequence (因此) 等等。

例:He didn’t work hard. As a result he failed his exam. 他不用功， 結(jié)果考試不及格。

He was down with the flu， and therefore couldn’t come to the party. 他患了流行性感冒，因此未能前來參加宴會。

She studied hard， and in consequence she passed the examination. 她努力學習，結(jié)果通過了考試。

3) 表示對照的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語:常用來引出前后意思相反的含義。常見的詞語有:

on the one hand …， on the other hand…(一方面……，另一方面……);on the contrary (與此相反);however; nevertheless (不過，然而);in contrast (對比起來，相比之下);instead 等等。

例:On the one hand they’d love to have kids， but on the other hand， they don’t want to give up their freedom. 一方面，他們想要孩子，但另一方面，他們又不想放棄自由自在的生活。

—You’re quite free now， I think. ——我想你現(xiàn)在一定很空。

—On the contrary， I have tons of things to do! ——正相反，我有一大堆事要做!

We can’t act on your advice. Nevertheless， thank you for giving it. 我們不能照你的建議去辦。不過承蒙您提出來，十分感謝。

4) 表示附加的關(guān)聯(lián)詞語:常用來引出附加信息。常見的詞語有:

besides=what’s more=in addition=moreover=furthermore=on top of sth. (此外);also (而且) ;above all (首先，最重要的是) 等等。

例:On top of this， according to the United Nations， hunger and disease malaria claim ten million lives every year. 除此之外，根據(jù)聯(lián)合國的資料，饑餓和瘧疾每年奪走一千萬人的生命。

He is strong， brave and， above all， honest. 他強壯，勇敢，最重要的是他誠實。

二、段落基本要素

段落是由若干個彼此關(guān)聯(lián)的句子構(gòu)成的，通常用以表達一個中心思想或者從一個角度對文章的主題進行闡述。因此，段落不能是一組句子的任意堆砌，而是符合一定的模式，具有某些基本特征，遵循一定段落發(fā)展方法的。

結(jié)構(gòu)完整的段落大多由三部分組成:

1.主題句

主題句是概括段落中心思想，反映作者寫作意圖的一個概括性的句子，是段落的核心所在。每一個段落都應(yīng)該有一個主題句。

例如:

Young adults give many different reasons for moving to cities. Some are looking for a good job， and some seek excitement. The one thing that is clear， however， is that young people are speaking with one voice， ‘To the cities!’

然而，并不是所有的段落都有主題句。有時，一個段落延續(xù)了前一段落的主題，同時也就延續(xù)前一段落的主題句。

例如:I saw by the clock of the city hall that it was past eleven; so I decided to go to the newspaper office immediately. Outside the editor’s door I stopped to make sure my papers were in the right order; I smoothed them out carefully， stuck them back in my pocket， and knocked. I could hear my heart thumping as I walked in.

主題句通常是段落的第一句，位于段首。

Whether we find a joke funny or not largely depends on where we have been brought up. The sense of humor is mysteriously brought up with national characteristics. A Frenchman， for instance， might find it hard to laugh at a Russian joke. In the same way， a Russian might fail to see anything amusing in a joke which would make an Englishman laugh to tears.

但是，有時為了吸引讀者的注意力，常常先講述一個有趣的事實，提出一個問題或引用一段引語之后，再引出主題句，位于段中或段尾。段首主題句開門見山，直接點明段落主題，有助于確定段落的主線，使各個支撐句圍繞段落主題自然展開;段尾主題句具有結(jié)論作用，是對前面句子的歸納總結(jié)。

例:Passage 1

It is not uncommon nowadays to see rivers and lakes polluted by chemicals and covered with garbage. And the air we breathe is no longer fresh， but filled with poisonous exhausts coming from cars and factories. Besides， the loud noise from the construction sites greatly disturbs people’s life. Therefore， a very urgent thing that men should do right now is to protect the environment. We have only one earth to live on and we must keep it clean for ourselves as well as for our children and our grandchildren.

Passage 2

Alfred Nobel was the son of a bankrupt， but became a millionaire later. He was a scientist with a love of literature. And interestingly enough， he was an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life. A lover of mankind， he never had a wife or family to love him. So， it is not strange that many people think of this great Swedish inventor as a man of many countries.

2.支撐句

支撐句是用來支持或說明主題句的，是段落主題句的延伸和發(fā)展，起著輔助主題句、推展段落中心的作用，對主題句表達的中心思想或舉例說明、或細致描寫、或詳細解釋闡述和論證，使讀者能夠清晰地理解和信服地接受作者所表達的意思。

例:(1) The computer finds many applications in all fields. (2) Computers are now doing almost everything from diagnosing hospital patients to running nuclear power stations. (3) In any field where information is collected， processed， stored， and retrieved， computers are being used more and more. (4) Computers are also used as an aid to design planning. (5) For example， they can be used to predict faults in design as well as the cost of a design if one is planning to build a road.

在這個段落中，句 (1) 是主題句，提出計算機在所有領(lǐng)域都有應(yīng)用的觀點;句 (2)、(3)、(4) 和 (5) 是支撐句，都支持和說明句(1)，具體說明計算機都在哪些領(lǐng)域應(yīng)用。

3.結(jié)論句

結(jié)論句通常位于段落的末尾，在段落中也起著非常重要的作用，用以對全段內(nèi)容進行總結(jié)、歸納或提出結(jié)論性的觀點。結(jié)論句常和主題句相呼應(yīng)，以不同的形式再現(xiàn)主題，并與擴展句相關(guān)聯(lián)。但是并非任何段落都必須有結(jié)論句才算完整。有的段落，尤其是一些較短的段落中只有主題句沒有結(jié)論句。

例:Across the USA， people are noticing the same thing: young people want to live in cities.