陳倫倫

摘 要：針對(duì)我國(guó)擔(dān)保物權(quán)體系的不足導(dǎo)致在建船舶抵押制度不完善以致造船抵押融資發(fā)展緩慢的狀況, 順應(yīng)《物權(quán)法》引入浮動(dòng)抵押概念之時(shí)機(jī)，結(jié)合英美法中已建立的浮動(dòng)抵押理論，探討該理論及其相關(guān)制度的引入對(duì)完善我國(guó)在建船舶抵押制度的利弊.對(duì)于浮動(dòng)抵押可能產(chǎn)生的在建船舶抵押主體和效力問(wèn)題，應(yīng)當(dāng)采用以法律規(guī)定為基本、以銀行制度為具體準(zhǔn)則的方法予以解決.

關(guān)鍵詞：造船； 浮動(dòng)抵押； 在建船舶； 在建船舶抵押

中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)：F832.4； D922.28文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A

Application of floating charge in financing for

shipbuilding by mortgage

CHEN Lunlun

（School of Law, Shanghai Maritime Univ., Shanghai 200135, China）

Abstract： In view of the problem that financing for shipbuilding by mortgage applies very restrictedly because of the insufficiency of traditional security system, which leads to the laggard development of mortgage on ship under construction, the advantages as well as the disadvantages of the application of floating charge in mortgage on ship under construction of China are analyzed in detail taking the chance of the introduction of floating charge by Chinas Real Rights Law and based on the general introduction of the theory of floating charge in common law. The possible problems such as the subject and effect of mortgage on ship under construction, which come from the application of floating charge in practice, should be mainly resolved by the system of the bank on the basis of the regulation of law.

Key words： shipbuilding; floating charge; ship under construction; mortgage on ship under construction

0 引 言

雖然對(duì)在建船舶進(jìn)行抵押貸款已成為國(guó)外市場(chǎng)造船融資的主要方式，但在我國(guó)仍處于新興狀態(tài).我國(guó)最大的船舶融資商業(yè)銀行——中國(guó)工商銀行近年才開(kāi)始積極開(kāi)拓這項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù).究其原因，主要是作為造船抵押融資核心內(nèi)容的在建船舶抵押制度缺乏規(guī)范化和可操作性，使得銀行對(duì)造船投資持觀(guān)望和試探態(tài)度.2007年10月1日起施行的《中華人民共和國(guó)物權(quán)法》（以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)《物權(quán)法》）第181條規(guī)定：“經(jīng)當(dāng)事人書(shū)面協(xié)議，企業(yè)、個(gè)體工商戶(hù)、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)者可以將現(xiàn)有的以及將有的生產(chǎn)設(shè)備、原材料、半成品、產(chǎn)品抵押，債務(wù)人不履行到期債務(wù)或者發(fā)生當(dāng)事人約定的實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)的情形，債權(quán)人有權(quán)就實(shí)現(xiàn)抵押權(quán)時(shí)的動(dòng)產(chǎn)優(yōu)先受償.”這是不同于我國(guó)已有抵押制度的新的動(dòng)產(chǎn)抵押模式.法學(xué)界普遍認(rèn)為，該條規(guī)定即為起源于英國(guó)法的浮動(dòng)抵押制度.浮動(dòng)抵押突破傳統(tǒng)的抵押擔(dān)保理念，若將其理論及相關(guān)操作制度運(yùn)用于我國(guó)在建船舶抵押制度中，既能消除作為抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)的在建船舶范圍的不確定性以及抵押人權(quán)利限制的缺陷，又能積極保障銀行抵押權(quán)的實(shí)現(xiàn)，將大大促進(jìn)造船抵押融資的發(fā)展.本文擬就浮動(dòng)抵押的概念及特征進(jìn)行分析，在理論上探討其與我國(guó)在建船舶抵押制度結(jié)合的必要性和可行性，并就其中可能產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題提出相應(yīng)的解決方案.

① Illingworth v. Houldsworth，［1904］ A.C. 355, House of Lords, Lord MACNAGHTEN: “a floating charge, is ambulatory and shifting in its nature, hovering over and so to speak floating with the property which it is intended to affect until some event occurs or some act is done which causes it to settle and fasten on the subject of the charge within its reach and grasp.”

② Evans v. Rival Granite Quarries, Ltd., ［1910］ 2 K.B. 979, the Court of Appeal, L.J. BUCKLEY: A floating security is not a future security; it is a present security, which presently affects all the assets of the company expressed to be included in it. On the other hand, it is not a specific security; the holder cannot affirm that the assets are specifically mortgaged to him. The assets are mortgaged in such a way that the mortgagor can deal with them without the concurrence of the mortgagee. A floating security is not a specific mortgage of the assets, plus a licence to the mortgagor to dispose of them in the course of his business, but is a floating mortgage applying to every item comprised in the security, `but not specifically affecting any item until some event occurs or some act on the part of the mortgagee is done which causes it to crystallize into a fixed security.