書面表達(dá)能力的培養(yǎng)不是一蹴而就的,它是一個(gè)循序漸進(jìn)的過程。本文將為大家介紹一種提高書面表達(dá)的方法——階段訓(xùn)練法。這一方法主要包括兩大方面:按部就班練句式和循序漸進(jìn)練篇章。
按部就班練句式
英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá),要求考生盡可能采用比較高級(jí)的表達(dá)方式以增加文章的表達(dá)效果,提高文章的表達(dá)檔次。要達(dá)到這樣的目的,加強(qiáng)句式訓(xùn)練必不可少,但應(yīng)遵循由易到難、由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜的原則。
第一階段:多用簡(jiǎn)單句
訓(xùn)練初期,由于大家較為缺乏可用的句式,也沒有學(xué)會(huì)使用高級(jí)的表達(dá)方式,所以此時(shí)應(yīng)盡可能多用簡(jiǎn)單句來準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)寫作要點(diǎn)。例如“你由正門進(jìn)入公園,繼續(xù)往前走,一直到一條小河邊”可表達(dá)為:
You enter the park by the main gate. You walk straight on. You come to a stream.
分析:例句用了三個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句來表達(dá)。盡管看似單調(diào)重復(fù),缺乏生氣,但通過這樣的基礎(chǔ)訓(xùn)練,可以幫助大家積累詞匯和短語(yǔ),掌握簡(jiǎn)單的句式,準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)句意。
第二階段:多用復(fù)合句
訓(xùn)練了一段時(shí)間后,如果你對(duì)使用簡(jiǎn)單句已經(jīng)得心應(yīng)手、游刃有余,那么應(yīng)開始訓(xùn)練使用復(fù)合句,以使文章句式豐富、文字簡(jiǎn)練。第一階段的例子就可用復(fù)合句表達(dá)為:
You enter the park, and walk straight on till you come to a stream.
分析:經(jīng)過改寫,文字更為簡(jiǎn)練、語(yǔ)言更為流暢,表達(dá)檔次明顯得到了提高。
第三階段:巧用高級(jí)句
如果你對(duì)使用復(fù)合句已應(yīng)對(duì)自如,應(yīng)想方設(shè)法采用一些高級(jí)的表達(dá)方式來進(jìn)一步提高文章的表達(dá)效果,提升文章的檔次,增加文章的可讀性。此時(shí)盡量使用一些使用頻率高、表達(dá)效果好的句式或結(jié)構(gòu),如“with + 名詞 + 分詞”的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)、“such be + 名詞 + 同位語(yǔ)”總結(jié)句型、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型、感嘆句型、分詞作定語(yǔ)/賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)/狀語(yǔ)、主從復(fù)合句、反意疑問句等。例如:
1. I'll go to a beach to see the seabirds flying in the dark-blue sky and drive a motorboat, sailing through the clear water towards the rising sun.
分析:現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)“flying in the dark-blue sky”作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)“sailing through the clear water towards the rising sun”作伴隨狀語(yǔ),增加了表達(dá)效果。
2. At 8 o'clock in the morning we arrived at the 712 bus station, where we were warmly welcomed by the drivers and conductors.
分析:Where引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語(yǔ)從句提升了文章的表達(dá)檔次。
3. Before we knew it, with the sun setting in the west, we had to say goodbye to the workers.
分析:“With + 名詞 + 分詞”的復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ),生動(dòng)形象地勾勒出夕陽(yáng)西下的場(chǎng)景。
循序漸進(jìn)練篇章
第一階段:要點(diǎn)全,語(yǔ)法對(duì)
經(jīng)過上一階段的句式訓(xùn)練,現(xiàn)在大家可以轉(zhuǎn)入篇章訓(xùn)練了。不過,剛開始的時(shí)候不要過分苛求自己篇章結(jié)構(gòu)出奇出新,而應(yīng)著重做到要點(diǎn)齊全,語(yǔ)法正確。寫作時(shí)既要重視題干中給出的要點(diǎn)提示(往往前面有阿拉伯?dāng)?shù)字)、表格或圖畫內(nèi)容的表達(dá),還要重視從寫作要求中提煉寫作要點(diǎn),做到不遺漏。此外,還應(yīng)注意增強(qiáng)不同類型文章的格式要點(diǎn)的表達(dá)意識(shí)。盡量做到要點(diǎn)齊全,無遺漏。同時(shí),表達(dá)時(shí)要使用正確的詞匯、短語(yǔ)和句式,使用正確的時(shí)態(tài),注意主謂一致、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)等語(yǔ)法問題。
第二階段:表達(dá)清,邏輯順
經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的訓(xùn)練,在基本能達(dá)到要點(diǎn)齊全、語(yǔ)法正確以后,可以進(jìn)一步向表達(dá)清晰,邏輯通順的階段發(fā)展。
在這一階段,大家不能將所給要點(diǎn)一一翻譯成英語(yǔ),而應(yīng)將原文重新謀篇布局。以敘事性書面表達(dá)為例,大家應(yīng)按事件的發(fā)生、發(fā)展、高潮、結(jié)局的順序有序進(jìn)行,以增強(qiáng)文章的連貫性、邏輯性和可讀性。另外還應(yīng)認(rèn)真分析文章的敘述線索,恰當(dāng)?shù)厥褂帽磉_(dá)各種邏輯關(guān)系的過渡性詞語(yǔ)。如表因果關(guān)系,可使用because、since、as、thanks to、as a result (of)等;表?xiàng)l件,可使用as long as、so long as、on condition that、if、unless等;表轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,可使用though、as、even if/though、whether、whoever、whatever、when、ever、whenever等;表遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,可使用what's more、besides、to make the matter worse、what's worse等。
第三階段:照應(yīng)強(qiáng),情感濃
經(jīng)過一段時(shí)間的訓(xùn)練,在表達(dá)清晰、邏輯通順等方面駕輕就熟之后,應(yīng)盡可能使用開篇交代句和末尾總結(jié)句來增強(qiáng)文章整體性和前后呼應(yīng)性。寫開篇交代句時(shí),因全文尚未鋪開,詳細(xì)內(nèi)容尚未介紹,可寫得籠統(tǒng)一些。但末尾總結(jié)句是在給出全文詳細(xì)內(nèi)容后作出的總結(jié),寫的時(shí)候就不能太過籠統(tǒng)了,而應(yīng)具體一些。如介紹我們祖國(guó)的文章,開篇交代句可寫成:Our country is a large country. 末尾總結(jié)句可寫成:Such is our great motherland, a beautiful country with a long history. 末尾句顯得更具體、更準(zhǔn)確。
同時(shí)還應(yīng)想方設(shè)法使用一些能表達(dá)情感的詞匯來增強(qiáng)文章的情感性,以感染閱卷老師,博取其好感,獲得一定的印象分。常見的能表達(dá)一定情感的詞匯有:
副詞:only、just、even、still、yet、already、never、ever、besides、no doubt、however、of course;
連詞:but、thanks to、as a result、on the one hand...on the other hand、finally、at last、before、while;
動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ)):have to、be forced to、be made to、enjoy、rush、hesitate、fly、would/should like to、strand(忍受)、jump with joy;
插入語(yǔ):I'm afraid、I'm sure、as we all know、what's more、what's worse、to make the matter worse、you're right等。
訓(xùn)練演示
下面我們以2005年高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷Ⅱ的書面表達(dá)題為例,看一下階段訓(xùn)練法在實(shí)際學(xué)習(xí)中該如何使用。
假設(shè)你是李華,最近國(guó)內(nèi)一家英文報(bào)紙正在討論北京動(dòng)物園是否應(yīng)遷出市區(qū)。以下是你所在班級(jí)討論的情況。請(qǐng)你給該報(bào)寫一封信,反映討論結(jié)果。
注意:1. 詞數(shù)100字左右,信的開頭已為你寫好。
2. 可根據(jù)內(nèi)容要點(diǎn)適當(dāng)增加細(xì)節(jié),以使行文連貫。
3. 參考詞匯: 郊區(qū)——suburb
第一階段訓(xùn)練后可寫成這樣 (略去信頭和信尾):
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion. It is about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates agree about moving it. They say large crowds of tourists visit the zoo every day. It causes traffic jams. Once we move it, animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. Other students are against the idea. They say that the Beijing Zoo was built in 1906. It has a history of 100 years. It is famous at home and abroad. So we should not move it. Moving it may cause the death of some animals. By moving it or not, the people of Beijing will have to make a big decision.
分析:這篇作文基本都用簡(jiǎn)單句來表達(dá),句式稍顯單調(diào)重復(fù)、枯燥乏味,但全文要點(diǎn)齊全、語(yǔ)法正確。
第二階段訓(xùn)練后可寫成這樣 (略去信頭和信尾):
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates agree about moving it. They say large crowds of tourists visit the zoo every day and it causes traffic jams. If we move it, animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against the idea. They say that the Beijing Zoo was built in 1906, and with a history of 100 years, it is famous at home and abroad. So we should not move it. What's more, moving it may cause the death of some animals. By moving itor not, the people of Beijing will have to make a big decision.
分析:這篇作文檔次明顯得到提升。文章采用較多的并列句,語(yǔ)言精練、層次清晰;and、however、if、what's more等過渡性詞匯的使用增強(qiáng)了文章的連貫性和邏輯性。
第三階段訓(xùn)練后可寫成這樣(完整版):
Dear Editor,
Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo every day. It causes traffic jams. They also say that once moved to the suburbs, it will have more space and better living conditions for the animals. However, other students are against the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well-known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is. What's more, moving may cause the death of some animals. To move or not, this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
分析:這篇作文表達(dá)檔次又進(jìn)一步得到提高。開篇交代句和末尾總結(jié)句前后照應(yīng),增強(qiáng)了文章的整體性。省略式狀語(yǔ)從句“once moved to the suburbs”、分詞短語(yǔ)“saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906...”以及定語(yǔ)從句“which has to be made by people in Beijing”等較復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的合理運(yùn)用提升了文章的檔次。“l(fā)arge crowds of”、“has to”等帶一定情感色彩詞匯的使用增強(qiáng)了文章的感染性。
通過以上的介紹,希望大家能運(yùn)用階段訓(xùn)練法,穩(wěn)扎穩(wěn)打、分階段步步提高自己的書面表達(dá)水平。
作者簡(jiǎn)介:
馬偉超,中學(xué)一級(jí)教師,現(xiàn)任教于河北省辛集市職教中心,擔(dān)任英語(yǔ)教研組長(zhǎng)、備課組長(zhǎng);參加教育工作二十多年,曾榮獲河北辛集市政府“先進(jìn)教育工作者”稱號(hào);曾在國(guó)家級(jí)、省級(jí)報(bào)刊上發(fā)表文章數(shù)十篇。