上期，我們?yōu)榇蠹姨峁┝烁呖加⒄Z閱讀理解題型中的前三種題型(詞義猜測題、推理判斷題、篇章結構題)的解題技巧和備考攻略。本期，我們繼續(xù)為大家講解主旨大意題和細節(jié)理解題。

主旨大意題

主旨大意題主要考查考生對文章的主題、標題、中心思想的理解程度及辨別主要信息和次要信息的能力。常見題型為標題類(title)和大意類(main idea)。

常見的設問形式

★標題類

1. The best title / headline for this passage might be_______.

2. The text / passage could be entitled ________.

3. What is the best title for the passage?

4. Which of the following would be suitable as a title for the passage?

★大意類

1. This passage chiefly deals with ______.

2. What's the topic of the article?

3. What is the subject discussed in the text?

4. With what topic is the passage chiefly concerned?

解題思路與技巧

★標題類

解答此類題的關鍵在于把握文章的主要內(nèi)容和中心思想，歸納總結出文章的主題。例如：

56. Which of the following would be the best title for the text? (2008全國卷II，D篇)

A. Codeine: A New Medicine

B. Chocolate May Cure Coughs

C. Cough Treatment: A Hard Case

D. Theobromine Can Cause Coughs

【解析】B。 細讀文章的首段“Something in chocolate could be used to stop coughs and lead to more effective medicines， say UK researchers.”可知巧克力中的某種物質可以被用來止咳。文章最后一段對這種物質(即theobromine)作了進一步說明：The researchers said that theobromine worked by keeping down a nerve activity (神經(jīng)活動)， which cause coughing. They also found that unlike some standard cough treatments， theobromine caused no side effects such as sleepiness. 由此可知，整篇文章是介紹一種科技新發(fā)現(xiàn)，即巧克力有助于治療咳嗽。正確答案為B。

★大意類

解答此類題最關鍵的是找出文章的主旨句。概括文章主旨的一般方法是：先看首尾或各段開頭再看全文，找到主題句；若無明顯主題句，就通過關鍵詞句來概括(如議論文中尋找表達作者觀點態(tài)度的詞句，記敘文尋找概括情節(jié)和中心的詞句或反映人物特點的形容詞)。文中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上不同的觀點時，務必牢記作者的觀點才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時，要注意一些轉折詞，如but、yet、however、although、in spite of、by contrast、on the contrary等。當文章中出現(xiàn)相反的觀點時，往往會出現(xiàn)這些詞。答題時要排除迷惑性信息，明確作者的觀點。例如：

66. What is the main idea of the last paragraph? (2008重慶卷，C篇)

A. Multitasking is harmful to young people's development.

B. Young people benefit a lot from modern gadgets.

C. Multitasking is an important skill to young people.

D. Young people must learn skills for future jobs.

【解析】A。作者在文章一開頭就對multitasking(多任務處理)提出了異議，然后分三段列舉了multitasking的缺點。在最后一段，作者談到：Educators feel that multitasking by children has a serious effect on later development of study skills. They believe that many college students now need help to improve their study skills. Similarly， employers feel that young people entering the job market need to be taught all over again， as modern gadgets have made it unnecessary for them to learn special skills to do their work. 可見，multitasking對年輕人在大學的學習甚至以后在工作中的表現(xiàn)都產(chǎn)生了負面影響。正確答案為A。

細節(jié)理解題

所謂細節(jié)理解題，是指原文提到了某事物、現(xiàn)象或理論，題干針對原文具體敘述本身發(fā)問。一般包括直接理解題(在原文中可直接找到答案。常用who、what、when、where、why和how等提問)及語義轉化題(需要將題目信息與原文相關信息進行語義上的轉換，兩者存在表達上的差異，有時需要進行加工或整理后方能得出結論)等。解這類題時，一般采用尋讀法，即先讀題，然后帶著問題快速閱讀短文，找出與問題相關的具體事實、數(shù)據(jù)、圖表等細節(jié)信息，再進行對比分析，得出答案。

常見的設問形式

1. When/Where did the story happen?

2. Which of the following statements is (not) correct?

3. Which of the following statements is (not) mentioned in the passage?

4. Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

5. All the statements are true except ______.

★正確選項與干擾選項

通常情況下，細節(jié)理解題的正確選項有以下特征：

1. 同義替換。把原文句子中的關鍵詞(組)換成意義相同或相近的詞(組)。

2. 詞性或者語態(tài)的變化。在不改變原文意思的前提下，把原文中的某些詞變換一下詞性，或者改變原文句子的語態(tài)，給考生制造障礙。

3. 語言簡化。把原文中的復雜語言現(xiàn)象進行簡化。

4. 正話反說。把原文中的意思反過來表達而成為正確選項(適用于尋找錯誤選項的題目)。

干擾項也是以文章中的某個細節(jié)設題，若不仔細辨別，很容易把它當成正確選項。通常情況下，干擾項具有以下特征：

1. 將原文內(nèi)容擴大或縮小。把原文中的限定詞去掉或替換，使該選項看似正確，實際上卻是錯誤選項。

2. 把未然當已然。改變文中某句話的時態(tài)，如把將來時變成現(xiàn)在時，把未發(fā)生的事情當成已發(fā)生的事情。

3. 無中生有。即選項內(nèi)容是根據(jù)主觀想象或推測得出的結論，而文中并未涉及。

4. 偷換概念。把原來做該事的“張三”換成“李四”，所述細節(jié)確實與原文一致，考生若不細心辨別就會誤選。

5. 文不對題。這類題最不容易辨別，因為干擾項中的描述與原文完全一致，確實屬于原文中的一個細節(jié)，只是并未回答所提的問題。這種情況下，考生就要認真研讀題干，切忌“答非所問”。

解題思路與技巧

★直接信息題

這種題型也就是所謂的“對號入座”型?？忌恍韪鶕?jù)題干中的關鍵詞，在原文中找到對應的細節(jié)信息，便能輕松答題。例如：

56. Why did the author feel bitter about her father as a young adult? (2008全國卷I，A篇)

A. He was silent most of the time.

B. He was too proud of himself.

C. He did not love his children.

D. He expected too much of her.

【解析】D。題干中的關鍵詞為“feel bitter， young adult”。以此為線索可在第二段找到對應信息：My earliest memories of my father are of a tall， handsome， successful man devoted to his work and family， but uncomfortable with his children...I feared him and felt bitter about him. He seemed unhappy with me unless I got straight A's and unhappy with my boyfriends if their fathers were not as \"successful\" as he was. 由此可知，我對父親不滿的原因是他對我要求很嚴格，期望值很高。

★間接信息題

解這類題時，考生需要對原文信息進行加工處理，然后進一步推理或鑒別，從而得出正確答案。例如：

61. Why was the new type of pineapple selling well? (2008全國卷I，B篇)

A. It was rich in nutrition and tasted nice.

B. It was less sweet and good for health.

C. It was developed by Del Monte.

D. It was used as medicine.

【解析】A。根據(jù)原文第三段“This nice-tasting pineapple contained four times more vitamin C than the old green variety. Nutritionists said that it was not only full of vitamins， but also good against some diseases...”可知，這種菠蘿不僅美味可口，而且富含營養(yǎng)成分，所以銷售很好，選A。這里雖然提到了它的某些成分可以抵抗疾病，但并沒有說它被用作藥材，故排除D。另外，根據(jù)原文第二段“...it was twice as sweet as the hit-and-miss pineapples we had known...”可排除B項。文中并未提及C項是這種菠蘿銷售好的原因，故排除。

★數(shù)字計算題

數(shù)字計算題可以是對年代的計算、月份的計算或比例的計算等。文章中經(jīng)常會出現(xiàn)許多數(shù)字，對解題產(chǎn)生誤導?？忌诮獯饡r需準確選擇正確數(shù)據(jù)進行計算。例如：

65. If you withdraw ￡200 from a cash machine abroad，you will be charged ______. (2008福建卷，C篇)

A. ￡4B. ￡4.5C. ￡5.25D. ￡5.3

【解析】A。從原文“We take a commission charge (手續(xù)費) of 2.25% of each cash withdrawal you make (up to ￡4) and a commission charge of 75 pence every time you use Maestro to pay for goods or services. We also apply a foreign-exchange transaction fee of 2.65%.”可知，取款手續(xù)費為2.25%，因此取￡200，應付￡4.5，但注意：括號中標明了最高限額為￡4，所以答案應為A。

★排列順序題

這種試題要求考生根據(jù)事件發(fā)生的先后順序和句子之間的邏輯關系，排列出所給選項的正確順序。做這種題時，可回到原文找出每件事情發(fā)生的時間進行排序。例如：

59. What's the right order of the events related to Tanni? (2008福建卷，A篇)

a. She works as a coach.

b. She took up athletics.

c. She won four gold medals in Barcelona.

d. She competed in her first Paralympic Games.

e. She achieved a victory in her first London Wheelchair Marathon.

A. b， d， c， e， a B. a， d， b， c， e

C. a， d， c， e， b D. b， d， a， e， c

【解析】A。排列順序題。本題要求判斷各個事件發(fā)生的先后順序。根據(jù)文章的2～6段，分別標注每個選項發(fā)生的時間，分別為after 2007、before1984、1992、1988、later in the same year of 1992，所以判定A為正確選項。

★圖形圖畫題

圖形圖畫有時出現(xiàn)在文章中，有時出現(xiàn)在選項中，這些圖片增加了試題的直觀性，同時也暗含著和文章內(nèi)容相關的信息。因此在解題時，一定要準確把握圖形圖畫中所暗含的信息。例如：

65. The package fee does NOT cover the cost of _______. (2007江蘇卷，C篇)

【解析】A。所給的四幅圖畫分別代表了“住宿”、“交通”、“游覽”和“餐飲”。根據(jù)文章中“All Fee's Included. No Hidden Cost.”可知這次游覽的費用都包含在“Package Fee”里面，沒有其他暗含的費用。但是，原文中提到，這是一個總共5.7小時的游覽，下午乘飛機返回還不耽誤吃晚飯和看日落(in time for dinner and sunset)，可知是不需要住宿的，因此“住宿”的費用不包含在整個費用之內(nèi)。

When I was a boy of fourteen， my father was so ignorant I could hardly stand to have the old man around. But when I got to be twenty-one， I was astonished at how much he had learned in seven years.

—Mark Twain (馬克·吐溫)

He didn't tell me how to live; he lived， and let me watch him do it.

—Clarence Budington Kelland (克拉倫斯·巴丁頓·凱蘭)

One father is more than a hundred schoolmasters.

—George Herbert (喬治·赫伯特)

I've had a hard life， but my hardships are nothing against the hardships that my father went through in order to get me to where I started.

—Bartrand Hubbard (巴特朗·哈伯德)