吳元培

一、由that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

(Ⅰ) that 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句：引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的 that 在從句中沒(méi)有任何具體意義，僅僅起引導(dǎo)詞作用，在從句中不充當(dāng)任何成份，但不可省略。

（1）____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. (02上海春季)

A. What B. That C. This D. Which

[解析]這是個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。因?yàn)橹髡Z(yǔ)從句句意完整，只缺一個(gè)引導(dǎo)詞，所以用that。這句話的意思是“國(guó)與國(guó)之間的時(shí)裝差異可以從一個(gè)方面反映出其文化的差異”。故答案為[B]。

[注意] 但為了避免“頭重腳輕“， 特別是主語(yǔ)從句太長(zhǎng)，常用形式主語(yǔ)it來(lái)保持句子平衡。

（2）It has been proved ____ eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illnesses in later life? (08上海卷)

A. if B. because C. when D. that

[解析]it是形式主語(yǔ)，代替由that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句，故答案為[D]。

(Ⅱ) that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句的 that 在從句中沒(méi)有任何具體意義,僅僅起引導(dǎo)詞作用，常可省略（尤其是從句簡(jiǎn)短時(shí)）；但如果賓語(yǔ)從句很復(fù)雜，句中有多個(gè)狀語(yǔ)時(shí)或者有多個(gè)并列的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，賓語(yǔ)從句前的that一般不省略。

With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased ____ he was a man of action.(06湖南卷)

A. which B. that C. what D. whether

[解析]分詞feeling pleased后面缺少賓語(yǔ)，而這個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句句意完整。故答案選[B]。

[注意] take/hide/see to/insist on/depend on/count on 等后接that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí), 其后必須冠以形式賓語(yǔ)it。

You may depend on ____ that all the goods will be shipped abroad in time.

A. it B. them C. this D. /

Key:[A]

(Ⅲ) that引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句：表語(yǔ)從句在句子中作表語(yǔ),位于主句中的系動(dòng)詞之后。引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句的 that 在從句中沒(méi)有任何具體意義 ，僅僅起引導(dǎo)詞的作用，that一般不省略。

The traditional view is ____ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so. (07上海卷)

A. when B. why C. whether D. that

[解析]本題考查表語(yǔ)從句, 從句中句意完整, 故用that。所以答案為 [D]。

(Ⅳ)that 引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句：同位語(yǔ)從句一般跟在某些抽象名詞后面, 對(duì)名詞作進(jìn)一步解釋,說(shuō)明名詞所表示的具體內(nèi)容。常接同位語(yǔ)從句的名詞主要有：fact, idea, news, promise, decision, belief, condition, doubt, fear, hope, problem, proof, question, opinion, report, suggestion, thought, truth等。由that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句在從句中沒(méi)有任何具體意義,僅僅起引導(dǎo)詞的作用, 但that不可省略。

Along with the letter was his promise ____ he would visit me this coming Christmas. (04上海春)

A. which B. that C. what D. whether

[解析]此句是由that引導(dǎo)的從句作promise的同位語(yǔ),解釋promise的具體內(nèi)容。而前面的主句又是一個(gè)倒裝句,這增加了試題的難度。故答案選[B]。

二、由what引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句既作連接代詞又在從句中充當(dāng)一定成分，在從句中可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)；并且what不能省略，名詞性從句還要用陳述句的語(yǔ)序。

(Ⅰ)what 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句：

____ he referred to in his article was unknown to the general reader. （07上海卷)

A. That B. What C. Whether D. Where

[解析]這是個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句。he referred to缺少賓語(yǔ), what既引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句,又作was unknown to the general reader的主語(yǔ)。故答案選[B]。

(Ⅱ)what 引導(dǎo)的表語(yǔ)從句：

Great changes have taken place in that school. It is no longer ____ it was 20 years ago, ____ it was so poorly equipped. (05安徽卷)

A. what; when B. that; which C. what; which D. which; that

[解析]第一空由what引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，what作is的表語(yǔ)且作was的表語(yǔ); 第二空由when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。故選［A］。

(Ⅲ)what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句：

The companies are working together to create ____ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century.(08北京卷)

A. which B. that C. what D. who

[解析]這是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，what在句中引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，what既作create的賓語(yǔ)，又作will be的主語(yǔ)；如用which則有一定的范圍。故答案為[C]。

(Ⅳ)連詞what和that引導(dǎo)名詞性從句的差異：

that在從句中無(wú)實(shí)際意義，也不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起連接主從句的作用；如果由that引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，常可省略；如引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句或同位語(yǔ)從句，that不能省略。what引導(dǎo)名詞性從句，具有雙重功能（既是連詞又在句中充當(dāng)成分），它既可指人，也可指物。用于指人時(shí)，what=the person(s) that,用于指物時(shí)，what=the thing(s) that。what可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句或表語(yǔ)從句。

(1)Choosing the right dictionary depends on ____ you want to use it for.(07江蘇卷)

A. what B. why C. how D. whether

[解析]這是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句，what在句中作介詞for的賓語(yǔ)。故答案為[A]。

(2)You can only be sure of ____ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something ____ you might get in the future.(07 安徽卷)

A. that; what B. what; / C. which; that D. /; that

[解析]第一空考查賓語(yǔ)從句，作從句的賓語(yǔ)，所以用what；第二空考查定語(yǔ)從句，在從句中作get的賓語(yǔ)，且先行詞是不定代詞something，所以只能用that引導(dǎo)或省略，故答案選[B]。

三、由which引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

which在名詞性從句中充當(dāng)一定的成分，并且有實(shí)在意思，指代有一定范圍的人或物，不可省略。

(1)The question is which team will win the champion.

(2)I have no idea which class he is in.

四、由whether與if引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

通常whether和if都可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句；但在引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句和介詞后面的賓語(yǔ)從句以及后面跟or not時(shí)只能用whether而不能用if。

(1)We havent settled the question of ____ it is necessary for him to study abroad. (06江蘇卷)

A. if B. where C. whether D. that

Key：[C]

(2)____ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.

(96NMET)

A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where

Key：[B]

(3)What the doctors really doubt is ____ my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. (01上海春)

A. when B. how C. whether D. why

Key：[C]

五、由whoever/whatever/whichever引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句

whoever, whatever和whichever 均可引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句, 且在句中充當(dāng)一定的成分。whoever=no matter who(anyone who); whatever=no matter what(anything that); whichever=no matter which(anything that/anyone who)。

(1)____ wants to stay in a hotel has to pay their own way.

(08 浙江卷)

A. Anyone B. The one C. Whoever D. Who

[解析]這是由whoever引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句。whoever作wants的主語(yǔ)，又作has to pay的主語(yǔ)；anyone與the one作先行詞，關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)不能省略，故答案選 [C]。

(2)Could I speak to ____ is in charge of International Sales, please? (07 山東卷)

A. anyone B. someone

C. whoever D. no matter who

[解析]這是由whoever引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。whoever作介詞to的賓語(yǔ)，又作is的主語(yǔ)；anyone與someone作先行詞，關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)不能省略，no matter who只能引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，不能引導(dǎo)名詞性從句。故答案選[C]。

(3)The employers often give the job to ____ they believe have work experience with a strong sense of duty.

A. whoever B. whomever C. who D. those who

[解析]此句的意思是“雇主經(jīng)常把工作提供給他們認(rèn)為有工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)且有強(qiáng)烈責(zé)任感的人”而不是把工作提供給任何人。所以答案選 [D]。

(4)Here are all the books I have. You may borrow ____ you like.

A. that B. which C. however D. whichever

[解析]whichever所指代的對(duì)象有一定的范圍。根據(jù)句意“你可以借你喜歡的任何一本書”而不是某一本書。故答案選[D]。

六、考查其它的連接副詞

連接副詞在主語(yǔ)從句中起連詞作用，同時(shí)又在從句中充當(dāng)一定的句子成分。選用這些連接副詞的關(guān)鍵是：所選的這個(gè)詞必須符合句子的邏輯要求。

The last time we had great fun was ____ we were visiting the Water Park. (08天津卷)

A. where B. how C. when D. why

[解析]由于從句主干成分齊備，只能選用狀語(yǔ)，由主句中The last time推測(cè)，應(yīng)用when引導(dǎo)表語(yǔ)從句，作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。故答案選[C]。

鞏固性練習(xí)：從下列選項(xiàng)中選擇最佳答案。

1. Its a little surprising that a house made of wood or bamboo may stay up in an earthquake while ____ is made of steel and concrete may fall down.

A. what B. which C. that D. it

2. Take care ____ you dont make mistakes in the coming exam.

A. of that B. about that C. for what D. that

3. ____ surprised me most was the news ____ our team won.

A. That; that B. What; which C. What; that D. That; which

4. ____ worried the doctors most was ____ they could find the cause of the disease as quickly as possible.

A. What; how B. That; that C. What; what D. How; what

5. ____ the 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing makes the nation very excited.

A. That B. If C. Whether D. Whenever

6. The most exciting thing for him was ____ he finally found two tinned fruits in ____ seemed to him to be a servants bedroom.

A. what; that B. what; what C. that; that D. that; what

7. I dont think ____ he said about it is true

A. whether B. what C. that D. when

8. ——I see something lying in the corner moving.

——Let me see ____.

A. what is the matter B. what the matter is

C. what is matter D. matter is what

9. I shall see to ____ he is taken good care of when you are absent.

A. it B. / C. this D. it that

10. The headmaster made a suggestion ____ the sports meet be put off until next Sunday.

A. that B. what C. whether D. when

11. The news ____ is spreading around the airport is ____ a big

snowstorm will come attacking.

A. which; which B. /; that

C. that; which D. that; that

12. ——How do you think I can make up with Jack?

——Set aside ____ you disagree and try to find ____ you have in common.

A. what; what B. where; what

C. what; whether D. where; whether

13. We agreed to accept ____ they thought was the best professor in the college.

A. whatever B. whomever C. whichever D. whoever

14. ____ surprised me most was ____ they had finished the work so quickly.

A. What; what B. That; that C. That; what D. What; that

15. ____ is it ____ has made Tom ____ he is today?

A. What; that; that B. That; that; what

C. What; what; that D. What; that; what

Keys：1.A 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.D 7.B 8.B 9.D 10.A 11.D 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.D