摘 要:經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)的譯文準(zhǔn)確性在經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯中具有特殊的意義。然而,實(shí)務(wù)中有不少經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)在翻譯時(shí)容易產(chǎn)生混淆,從而導(dǎo)致譯文失真。本文對(duì)易產(chǎn)生混淆的經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)進(jìn)行舉例分析,以期提高經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)的翻譯質(zhì)量。
關(guān)鍵詞:經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ),誤譯
Abstract: Accuracy in translation of business legal terms should be crucial to business translation. However, there exist quite a few mistranslated cases in translation practice. This thesis tries to have an analysis of some mistranslated examples with an aim for improving the translation quality in this aspect.
Key words: business legal terms, mistranslation
隨著中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放及對(duì)外經(jīng)貿(mào)的不斷發(fā)展,經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯的重要性也愈加明顯。經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)因其具有特定的法律內(nèi)涵和功能而在經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯中顯得更為重要。不少經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)還隱含著當(dāng)事人的權(quán)利和義務(wù),可以說(shuō),經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)的譯文準(zhǔn)確性在經(jīng)貿(mào)翻譯中具有特殊的意義,經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)的翻譯直接關(guān)系到整個(gè)經(jīng)貿(mào)文本的譯文質(zhì)量。然而,實(shí)務(wù)中仍有不少經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)的譯文存在失真問(wèn)題。本文對(duì)一些典型的誤譯例子進(jìn)行分析,以期進(jìn)一步提高經(jīng)貿(mào)法律術(shù)語(yǔ)翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性。
1.“連帶責(zé)任”與“共同責(zé)任”
原文:依照法律的規(guī)定或者協(xié)議的約定負(fù)連帶責(zé)任的,承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。
原譯:If joint liability is specified by law or by agreement, the parties shall assume joint liability.[1]
依照民法的相關(guān)規(guī)定,共同責(zé)任是指兩個(gè)以上的人共同實(shí)施違法行為并且都有過(guò)錯(cuò),從而應(yīng)共同對(duì)損害后果承擔(dān)責(zé)任。共同責(zé)任主要分為連帶責(zé)任和按份責(zé)任兩種。連帶責(zé)任是因違反連帶債務(wù)或者共同實(shí)施侵權(quán)行為而產(chǎn)生的責(zé)任,各個(gè)責(zé)任人之間具有連帶關(guān)系。這種連帶責(zé)任是一種法定責(zé)任,不因責(zé)任人的內(nèi)部約定而改變,權(quán)利人可以選擇全部或部分責(zé)任人承擔(dān)責(zé)任,每個(gè)責(zé)任人都有可能承擔(dān)全部責(zé)任。而按份責(zé)任的各責(zé)任人之間沒(méi)有連帶關(guān)系,各自獨(dú)立承擔(dān)責(zé)任份額,如果法律沒(méi)有規(guī)定或當(dāng)事人沒(méi)有約定,推定各責(zé)任人承擔(dān)相同的份額。依據(jù)Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law 分別對(duì)joint liability (liability that is shared by coowners; specifically, liability for a tort that is imposed on joint tortfeasors when they have acted in concert, owe the same duty to the plaintiff, have a legal relationship, or otherwise together have caused an injury to the plaintiff and allows contribution or indemnity between the joint tortfeasors.) 和joint and several liability(joint liability imposed on joint tortfeasors that allows enforcement of the entire judgment against any of the tortfeasors.)的釋義中可以確定,原文中的“連帶責(zé)任”應(yīng)譯為joint and several liability,而joint liability只能理解為“共同責(zé)任”或“按份責(zé)任”。[2]
2.“合營(yíng)企業(yè)”與“合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)”
原文:本規(guī)定適用于在中國(guó)境內(nèi)投資舉辦中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)、中外合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)和外資企業(yè)的項(xiàng)目以及其他形式的外商投資項(xiàng)目。
原譯:These provisions shall apply to the projects of Chineseforeign Joint Venture, Chineseforeign cooperative enterprise, wholly foreignowned enterprise, as well as to other forms of foreign investment projects.[2]
中國(guó)的中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)是指外國(guó)的公司、企業(yè)和其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織或個(gè)人同中國(guó)的公司、企業(yè)或其他經(jīng)濟(jì)組織依照中國(guó)法律在中國(guó)境內(nèi)設(shè)立的企業(yè)法人組織。而就其法律性質(zhì)而言,中外合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)是股份式合營(yíng)企業(yè),雖然合營(yíng)各方的出資一般未分成股份,但依法劃分為一定的比例,各方按注冊(cè)資本比例分享利潤(rùn)和分擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。因此,在翻譯“合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)”一詞時(shí),應(yīng)將其理解為“股份式合營(yíng)企業(yè)”,其英文對(duì)等的詞應(yīng)為Equity Joint Venture。而Joint Venture僅指的是“合營(yíng)企業(yè)”,其外延遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于“合資經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)”。依據(jù)各國(guó)有關(guān)合營(yíng)企業(yè)的立法和實(shí)踐,合營(yíng)企業(yè)依其法律性質(zhì)的不同可分為股份式合營(yíng)企業(yè)和契約式合營(yíng)企業(yè)兩種形式。 “中外合作經(jīng)營(yíng)企業(yè)”在法律性質(zhì)上應(yīng)為“契約式合營(yíng)企業(yè)”,即合營(yíng)各方不是以股份形式出資,也不按股份分享盈虧和分擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而是完全取決于合營(yíng)契約的約定對(duì)企業(yè)享受權(quán)利和承擔(dān)義務(wù),其英文對(duì)應(yīng)的詞可為Contractual Joint Venture。據(jù)此,原譯中的Chineseforeign Joint Venture與Chineseforeign cooperative enterprise沒(méi)有體現(xiàn)上述兩類企業(yè)各自確切的法律含義,譯文意思模糊。此處可分別改譯為Chineseforeign Equity Joint Venture和Chineseforeign Contractual Joint Venture。
3.“抵押”與“質(zhì)押”
原文:pledge :a deposit of personal property as security for a debt; delivery of goods by a debtor to a creditor until the debt is repaid; generally defines as a lien or a contract that calls for the transfer of personal property only as security.
原譯:抵押;擔(dān)保[3-4]
依照中國(guó)擔(dān)保法的有關(guān)規(guī)定,作為重要的物權(quán)擔(dān)保,抵押與質(zhì)押是有嚴(yán)格區(qū)別的,前者抵押人無(wú)須將抵押物(主要為不動(dòng)產(chǎn))移交給抵押權(quán)人占有;而后者則須由質(zhì)押人將質(zhì)押物移交給質(zhì)押權(quán)人占有。而從pledge該詞的英文釋義中可以看出,債務(wù)人須將擔(dān)保物移交給債權(quán)人占有,顯然,pledge一詞的中文對(duì)等詞應(yīng)為“質(zhì)押”。關(guān)于“抵押”一詞,依據(jù)Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law 對(duì)hypothecation一詞的解釋(as security without delivery of title or possession),該詞則有此含義。此外,hypothecation與mortgage意思相近,實(shí)務(wù)中通常也將mortgage 譯為“抵押”或“按揭”。
4.“定金” 與 “訂金”
原文:Ten percent (10%) of the contract value as the down payment shall be paid by T/T by the Buyer to the Seller within two weeks after the contract goes into effect.
原譯:合同生效后兩周內(nèi)買(mǎi)方應(yīng)將合同金額的10%作為定金電匯給賣(mài)方。
此例實(shí)際上關(guān)系到漢語(yǔ)“定金”與“訂金”之間的區(qū)別,兩者僅一字之差,但實(shí)務(wù)中有關(guān)“定金”與“訂金”之間的糾紛卻常有發(fā)生。依照中國(guó)法律對(duì)定金的解釋,定金是指合同當(dāng)事人為了確保合同的履行,一方將按合同金額一定比例的款項(xiàng)支付給另一方。給付定金的一方如不履行約定債務(wù),則無(wú)權(quán)要求返還定金,收受定金的一方如不履行約定的債務(wù),應(yīng)雙倍返還定金。因此,定金實(shí)質(zhì)上具有擔(dān)保合同履行的含義。[2]而訂金僅指的是預(yù)付款,無(wú)擔(dān)保含義。 依據(jù)Black’s Law Dictionary 對(duì)down payment的解釋:The portion of purchase price which is generally required to be paid at time purchase and sale agreement is signed and generally paid in cash or its equivalent. 實(shí)際上down payment相當(dāng)于advance payment, 僅指的是將合同部分款項(xiàng)預(yù)先支付給對(duì)方,不具有擔(dān)保合同履行的含義。而英文中的deposit則具有擔(dān)保含義。
5.damages 與damage
原文:Damages for breach of contract by one party consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach.
原譯:一方違約所導(dǎo)致的損害包括因其違約而使另一方遭受損失的金額,含利潤(rùn)損失。
原譯實(shí)質(zhì)上混淆了damage與damages這兩個(gè)詞的內(nèi)在差異。其實(shí),damage與damages兩者的意思有很大的區(qū)別,依照Merriam Webster’s Dictionary of Law的解釋,damage: loss or harm resulting from injury to person, property, or reputation. 而Damages: the money awarded to a party in a civil suit as preparation for the loss or injury for which another is liable. damage應(yīng)理解為“損害”或“損失”。而damages則應(yīng)理解為“損害賠償金”。顯然,原文已混淆damage與damages之間的區(qū)別。
6.modification 與 alternation
原文:Any supplement,modification or alternation agreed by both parties shall be taken as an integral part of the contract, and has the equal legal forces as the contract itself.
原譯:經(jīng)雙方同意對(duì)本合同的任何補(bǔ)充、修改應(yīng)作為合同不可分割的組成部分,并具有與合同同等的法律效力。
該例中的modification or alternation為近義詞并用,原譯僅僅注意到了modification or alternation這兩個(gè)詞之間的相同意義。實(shí)際上,alternation一詞還含有另一層含義,也就是說(shuō),合同當(dāng)事人可對(duì)合同作出實(shí)質(zhì)性變動(dòng),使原合同的法律效力發(fā)生變化。原文中modification or alternation并列使用其實(shí)是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)它們之間的差別意義,漢語(yǔ)中的對(duì)應(yīng)詞可分別為“修改”和“變更”。而原譯則僅僅采用省譯法,存在語(yǔ)義缺損現(xiàn)象。
參 考 文 獻(xiàn)
[1]中華人民共和國(guó)民法通則(中英文對(duì)照).北京:中國(guó)法制出版社,2000.
[2]陳建平.法律文體翻譯探索. 杭州:浙江大學(xué)出版社,2007.
[3]陳慶柏,王景仙.英漢雙解法律詞典. 北京:世界圖書(shū)出版社,1998.
[4]吳玲娣.新編法律英語(yǔ)術(shù)語(yǔ). 北京:法律出版社, 2000.
陳建平:寧波大學(xué)國(guó)際交流學(xué)院,315211