As a city， Rome developed slowly. For many， many years，villages dotted¹ the tops of the hills along the Tiber River，and not much effort was made among the people who lived on them to communicate for business or religious purposes.When the Etruscans (伊特魯里亞人 ) seized these villages， the area was transformed² into an urban unit.The Etruscans built a great temple to Jupiter(朱庇特) on the Capitoline Hill and drained the forum area. The Circus Maximus (大競技場)， which was located in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills，became the city's major sporting arena.Construction continued even after the fall of the monarchy(君主制) in 510 B.C. Temples were built everywhere，but especially in the forum and on the Aventine， Capitoline and Quirinal hills. Alongside the river，vegetables and cattle were sold in markets that eventually developed into neighborhoods with their own identity and temples.To support the increasing commercial activity， warehouses³ and dock- yards(船廠) were built along the river. Everywhere， the large homes of the rich and apartments for the poor housed a growing popula-tion.

Then came the Gallic (高盧人)sack of Rome in 390 B.C.While it clearly proved that the city was not invincible⁴， it also had a drastic (徹底的)effect on building choices. For security reasons， public officials had masons(石匠) construct stone walls around the city. Includedwithinwerethesevenhills——Aventine， Caelian， Capitoline， Esquiline， Palatine， Quirinal， and Viminal.Excluded were public areas such as the Campus Martius(戰(zhàn)神廣場) that lay along the Tiber River， and the Janiculum Hill on the other side of the river.

Because the possibilities for construction within the city proper were limited， future development would have to occur outside. During the Republic(共和政體)， the area known as the Campus Martius became a major building site.To help communication across the Tiber River， bridges were constructed. Enormous aqueducts⁵ helped meet the city's growing need for water. Victory in war resulted in new temples，new game facilities， theater-type structures to host productions， and muse- ums. Many of these were built along the traditional pa-rade route⁶ for religious festivals and for triumphs. The route went from the Campus Martius around the Pala-tine Hill to the Capitoline Hill.

Republican Rome was， by the time of Julius Cae-sar， a collage⁷ of old and new building——a riverside city that had the look of prosperity⁸ and the potential for fu-ture grandeur(輝煌).

作為一座城市，羅馬發(fā)展緩慢，在很長時間內(nèi)，沿著臺伯河的山丘上零星分布著一些村莊；各個村子里的居民很少往來；彼此之間也不做生意或從事宗教活動。伊特魯里亞人奪取了這些村莊之后，這個地區(qū)才形成一個統(tǒng)一的城區(qū)。伊特魯里亞人在卡皮托利尼山上給朱庇特（古羅馬的保護神）建了一座大廟，并把廣場地區(qū)的水排干。在帕拉蒂尼和阿文蒂尼山谷之間的大競技場成了城市的主要運動場所。公元前510年，王權(quán)崩潰之后，建設(shè)仍然持續(xù)。人們到處建神廟，特別是在廣場地區(qū)、在阿文蒂尼山、卡皮托利尼山和奎里鈉爾山等處。沿著臺伯河，人們在各個市場上銷售蔬菜和牲畜。這些市場后來發(fā)展成各有特色并擁有自己廟宇群的居民區(qū)。為了支持日益發(fā)展的商業(yè)活動，人們開始沿河建造倉庫和船廠。隨著人口的增加，各處都出現(xiàn)了富人的大宅院和窮人的共住房屋。

公元前390年，發(fā)生了高盧人對羅馬的洗劫。這個事件清楚表明，羅馬城不是不可征服的，同時也對羅馬的建筑風(fēng)格產(chǎn)生了重大影響。出于安全的原因，官員們命令工匠在城市周邊建造石頭城墻。七座山丘——阿文蒂尼、卡埃利安、卡皮托利尼、埃斯奎利尼、帕拉蒂尼、奎里納爾和維米納爾都圍在里面。而一些公共地區(qū)，例如臺伯河邊的戰(zhàn)神廣場還有河對岸的詹尼庫林山，則沒有圍在城墻之內(nèi)。

由于城內(nèi)建設(shè)空間有限，城市將來的發(fā)展必定在城外。共和時期，戰(zhàn)神廣場地區(qū)成為主要的建筑工地。為了方便過臺伯河，人們建了一些橋梁。還修建大水渠以滿足城市用水。打勝仗便建新的神廟、新的競技場所、演出用劇場建筑和博物館。許多這類建筑都是沿著傳統(tǒng)的宗教慶典和慶祝勝利的游行路線建造的。這條路線從帕拉蒂尼山附近的戰(zhàn)神廣場一直延伸到卡皮托利尼山。

到尤利烏斯·凱撒時期，共和羅馬是新老建筑的大集合，是一個沿河興建的繁榮城市，也是一個有著輝煌未來的城市。

注釋：

1．dot vt．星羅棋布，點綴 2．transformvi 改觀，改變

3．warehouse n．倉庫4．invincible adj．不可戰(zhàn)勝的，不能征服的。

5．a(chǎn)queduct n.溝渠6．routen．路線

7．collagen．大雜燴 8．prosperity n．興旺，繁榮