Liao Sihua Zhang Qiang

(Central Academy of ZTE Corporation, Nanjing 210012, China)

AbstractThe Next Generation Network(NGN)is based on packet switching and open network architecture.Therefore,the NGN business and operations support focuses on customers,totally different from that of the conventional telecommunications network,which concentrates on network operation and maintenance.An NGN operations and maintenance support system should be customer-focused,market-oriented and profit-targeted.Based on its unified NGN operations and maintenance support system,ZTE has implemented an integrated network management system that covers every functional level of the NGN.Accordingly,technical updates can be implemented flexibly on the network to meet the requirements of technology revolution,and new customer-oriented services can be offered to operators.

The telecom operations support system is usually a combination of the Operations Support System(OSS)and the Business Support System(BSS),and also generally refers to all kinds of platforms supporting telecom operations and development.In a broader perspective,the telecom operations support system should also include the Management Support System(MSS).Operations support involves network management,system management,billing,operation,accounting and customer service,and is important for operators to develop integrated services[1].

There are two outstanding characteristics of current telecom operations support systems.One is the merging of numerous new services with a much shorter developing period and deployment period.As for the other characteristic,service tie-in-sale strategies and charge-packages of operators are ever changing,since the operators pay more attention to marketing.These two characteristics create higher requirements for the OSS.

對比且分析兩組（觀察組和對照組）急性闌尾炎合并糖尿病患者并發(fā)癥、排氣時間和住院時間、不同時間段疼痛評分、血糖控制情況。

1 Architecture of NGN

With the development of computer and communication technology,the Next Generation Network(NGN)is emerging,which symbolizes the coming of new generation telecom networks.Seen from a developing perspective,the conventional Public Switched Telephone Network(PSTN)based on circuit switching is changing to the NGN based on packet switching.The NGN takes over all the services of the PSTN,and transfers lots of data transmission work to its core IPnetwork to ease the heavy load on the PSTN.Besides,new characteristics of IPtechnology used for the NGN help improve old services and add new ones[2].

The NGN adopts open architecture,and separates the functional modules of traditional switches as independent network elements.Each network element can develop independently according to its function,and the protocol interfaces between network elements are based on related standards.Modulization makes the original telecom network more and more open,and operators are,therefore,able to choose functional modules freely to set up their networks according to their business requirements.The standardization of protocolinterfaces between network elements can fulfill interconnections of networks with different structures.

The NGN has 5 functional layers,as shown in Figure 1.

(1)Edge Layer

1.可以了解企業(yè)需要解決的難點和焦點。通過需求預(yù)測分析，可以充分了解企業(yè)和員工存在的難點和熱點，可以判斷和分析哪些問題是當(dāng)前必須解決的問題，哪些是可以通過培訓(xùn)來解決的，哪些問題不能通過培訓(xùn)來解決的。

(3)Service Management Layer It handles all service in OSS,and gives feedback to the customer service layer.

（2）Core Layer

The core layer changes information formats to the kind that can be transmitted through the network,for instance,dividing voice signals into ATM signal elements or IPpackets.

（3）Control Layer

“沖動型”這種類型，在就業(yè)時會表現(xiàn)出強烈的就業(yè)欲望，因為對職業(yè)選擇的過分在意，因此產(chǎn)生更高的焦慮（低效能），而過高的焦慮又產(chǎn)生了就業(yè)選擇的沖動性，也因為其較低的效能感，對對未就業(yè)的預(yù)估將會發(fā)生錯誤判斷，從而影響學(xué)生擇業(yè)。

Calling functionality is implemented at the control layer.This layer decides the services customers can receive,and has control on the handling of lower-layer network elements on service flow.

▲Figure 1. Functional structure of NGN.

（4）Service Layer

The service layer provides extra services based on call establishment.It is impossible to change the current networks into the NGN over night.Therefore,the current networks will coexist with the NGN for a long time.This requires that the new network interwork with the current networks.Accordingly,the following functions are required to be implemented in the new network:interworking between the Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)transmission network and SS7 signal network,interworking with available services such as services provided by the intelligent network,and converging with the existing PSTN system.

（5）Management Layer

用構(gòu)造法解題,關(guān)鍵是構(gòu)造,它無一定之規(guī),表現(xiàn)出思維的試探性、不規(guī)則性和創(chuàng)造性[2]．本題還可通過構(gòu)造函數(shù)y=lnx與y=ax-1或構(gòu)造函數(shù)與y=a來解決．

The management layer manages network equipment.The management includes equipment configuration,operation status monitoring,operation index feedback,and more.This layer supports the operation of the whole system.Meanwhile,the layer provides the operations support interface in order to facilitate the data collection and analysis for the OSS.

The management layer at the top manages all kinds of equipment at the service layer,core layer,controllayer and edge layer.At present,the management layer has implemented the management of equipment at the control layer and edge layer,including Softswitch,Trunk Gateway(TG),Access Gateway(AG),Signalling Gateway(SG),and Integrated Access Device(IAD).The management of equipment at the service layer and core layer will be gradually implemented.The equipment at the service and core layers includes ATM/router,Authentication,Authorization and Accounting(AAA)equipment,and application servers.Meanwhile,the management layer provides data to the OSSthrough various interfaces.

2 OSS of NGN

Compared with conventional telecom network management,the operations management of NGN is much more complex,and requires a unified,remote,safe and active system.However,the network management of NGNshould be much simpler than that of the conventional telecom network,because the NGN,originally adopting open protocols,supports access of diversified services and provides good compatibility to equipment from different vendors.Facing the escalating competition in the telecom industry,foregone monopoly and dropping profit,telecom enterprises will be more rational in investing in network construction and conduct more market-and-maintenance-costoriented network improvement.

With the development of NGN,NGN network operations support management has changed from the networkoperation-and-maintenance-centered to customer-centered[3].Therefore,a modern NGNoperations and maintenance system should have the following 3 objectives:

（1）Customer-centered

Customer-centered marketing models are developed based on product-oriented marketing.Resources are bundled into product packets,and sold by marketing departments and retailers.Customers'requirements are the key factors to be considered when making and packaging products as well as making promotion plans.Meanwhile,individualized customer marketing,service and management are offered.Customers with different levels can order for different product packages and enjoy different promotion activities and discount rates.In addition,they can have different service approaches and channels[4].

The system is capable of receiving and processing service requirements.In addition,it creates a bill according to the telecom network resources that a customer has used.

(1)Network Element Management Layer

（3）Profit-targeted

The system,on one hand,offers quick and convenient services to the customers,and on the other hand,provides corresponding function assurance when new services are not opened.

本次調(diào)查的農(nóng)村供水工程中，內(nèi)蒙古豐鎮(zhèn)市、化德縣較多地采用PPR管材作為供水管網(wǎng)的主干輸配水管道。河北省安平縣普遍將PP-R管用作入戶管（主干管網(wǎng)采用PVC-U管材）。

本文的創(chuàng)新點在于：一是在研究匯率預(yù)期對跨境資金流動的影響時，不是只考慮單一跨境資金流動項目，而是基于國際收支平衡表，將跨境資金流動的各個項目均作為研究對象，通過實證分析匯率預(yù)期對各項目跨境資金流動指標(biāo)的影響，以全面掌握匯率預(yù)期變化對我國跨境資金流動的總體影響。二是在研究匯率預(yù)期對跨境資金流動的影響時，將各項目跨境資金流動指標(biāo)分解為流入端和流出端，完善了匯率預(yù)期變化對跨境資金流動的路徑研究。

Income and cost can be apportioned to every service,product,customer group and even every customer,making reasonable the distribution of a company's resources.

▲Figure 2. Service composition of NGN telecom operations support system.

2.1 Services of NGN OSS

According to the definition established by the TeleManagement Forum(TMF),NGN telecom operations support system consists of service fulfillment,assurance and billing,as shown in Figure 2.

With the launch of NGN services,control of network planning and deployment would also be included into operations support,which is positioned before the service fulfillment layer in the new OSSstructure.

Transversely,the NGN telecom operations support system is divided into network planning and deployment,service fulfillment,service assurance and service billing.

河南省小農(nóng)水重點縣項目建設(shè)全面推行項目法人責(zé)任制、招標(biāo)投標(biāo)制、建設(shè)監(jiān)理制和合同管理制?？h水利局為項目法人，負(fù)責(zé)項目的組織實施和建設(shè)管理工作，派專人常駐工地加強技術(shù)指導(dǎo)、質(zhì)量監(jiān)督及協(xié)調(diào)工作；通過招標(biāo)投標(biāo)，公開選擇有資質(zhì)的專業(yè)監(jiān)理單位和施工單位，以合同形式分別確定業(yè)主與施工方、監(jiān)理方的權(quán)利和義務(wù)；監(jiān)理單位通過組織、技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟和合同等措施，對項目工程的進度、質(zhì)量和資金使用進行有效控制，為工程按期、保質(zhì)、低耗地完成奠定了良好基礎(chǔ)。

Longitudinally,it consists of network and system management,service development and maintenance,and customer service handling layers.

Seen from the system structure,NGN telecom operations support system in general includes the following parts:

(1)Billing and Settlement System

The system is capable of collecting data from telecom network devices and calculating bills according to the rules set up in advance.Meanwhile,if a customer has anything to do with other operators while he uses the services of an operator,settlement should be made for the inter-network expenses.

(2)Business and Accounting System

(2)Market-oriented

(3)Customer Service System

1.2.7 隨訪 所有病例隨訪至生后18個月，采用gesell量表進行神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)預(yù)后評分，gesell量表評分：包括動作能、應(yīng)物能、言語能、應(yīng)人能。預(yù)后不良定義為死亡，gesell量表兩項以上評分<85分，或合并聽力異常。

·The resource management layer fulfills resource synchronization according to the instruction notification at the same time of construction.·After completion of construction,the production scheduling system is responsible for completion check and acceptance.

The system is capable of dynamically and selectively collecting and updating effective information from data sources and related information from out of the enterprises,analyzing intelligently,processing,forecasting and simulating,and finally providing in-time,scientific and effective analysis reports to decision makers or professionals to be good information and intelligence support.

2.2 Functional Structure of NGN OSS

The functional structure of NGN OSSis divided into 4 layers,as shown in Figure 3.

在粉絲社群中，因為“偶像”這一共同話題，即便完全陌生也能輕易打開“話匣子”。社群中的粉絲能夠鍛煉與陌生人交往的能力，掌握更多聊天技巧。除此之外，粉絲社群的管理者根據(jù)內(nèi)部人員架構(gòu)，進行及時地引入和調(diào)整，具有較好的資源整合能力。

This means prompt reaction to the market,rapid launch of new products,quick creation of business plans,and fast restructuring of company's resources.

It fulfills the management and control of basic telecom network elements.

(2)Network Management Layer It provides network management functions,and simultaneously outputs all data reported by the network elements upward for later data analysis.

The edge layer connects customers to the network,and centralizes customer services and transports them to the proper destination.It includes all kinds of access methods.

葡萄糖：為無色結(jié)晶或白色結(jié)晶性粉末，易溶于水，味甜，為營養(yǎng)藥物，能供給能量，補充體液，增強心肌力量，有利尿解毒作用，常用于家禽藥物中毒及飼料中毒的解毒。

(4)Customer Service Layer

It provides customer service to the OSS,as wellas allkinds of management interfaces.

The following are 2 examples of how services are processed in NGN OSS.

(1)Process of Customer's Application for Services

Android流量監(jiān)控、分析、攔截平臺采用C-S模式，客戶端實現(xiàn)監(jiān)控和攔截功能，服務(wù)器實現(xiàn)惡意流量規(guī)則的匯總、判優(yōu)和同步。

·A customer applies for a new service through the integrated business customer service system.

▲Figure 3. Functional structure of telecom operations support system.

·The customer's application is transferred to the production scheduling system to conduct order review,after it is accepted.

▲Figure 4. Basic architecture of NGN OSS from ZTE.

·The resource management system makes scheduling design for the application.

我國是世界最大的有色金屬生產(chǎn)國和消費國，在我國發(fā)展有色金屬工業(yè)具有潛在的資源優(yōu)勢。我國礦產(chǎn)資源潛在總值居世界第三位，是世界上礦產(chǎn)資源總量豐富、儲量可觀、品種較齊全、資源配套程度較高的少數(shù)國家之一[1]。但是，我國的銅、鉛、鋅等重要金屬資源礦石一般品位較低，成分復(fù)雜，且隨著礦石資源的不斷開采，易選冶的硫化礦逐漸減少，為有色金屬行業(yè)的發(fā)展帶來難題[1-2]。因此，資源的綜合利用應(yīng)運而生，對各金屬的氧化礦及二次金屬資源的開發(fā)受到了人們的廣泛關(guān)注。

·The results of the scheduling design are returned back to the production schedule system that then generates a construction management instruction notification.

·The construction unit changes network elements through the network element management layer in order to make the network elements meet the requirements of the customer.

(4)Decision Support System

·Passing the check of completion,the production scheduling system sends a task completion notification to the accounting system to make the related accounting filing.

·At the same time,the production scheduling system sends a notification to the resource management system to file the resources.

·After filing,the production scheduling system sends a completion notification to the business customer service system.

·The business customer service system notifies the customer that the service for which he/she applied has been opened.

(2)Process of Answering Customer Complaint for Malfunction

·Acustomer makes a complaint for malfunction through the integrated business customer service system.·The production scheduling system informs the malfunction handling system to handle the malfunction after the business system accepts the complaint.·The malfunction management system needs to make a resource inquiry positioning through the resource management system as it handles the malfunction.

·The malfunction management system restores the function of the network element to clear the malfunction through the network element management layer.

·If the function recovery fails,the malfunction management system will inform the production scheduling system to start emergency scheduling.

·The emergency scheduling enters the resource management system to conduct emergency scheduling design.

·The resource management informs the production scheduling system to carry out handling management,and makes emergency malfunction handling through the network element management layer.

·After the recovery of the malfunction,the production scheduling is responsible for completion check and acceptance,and informs the accounting system to make related accounting filing.

結(jié)合相關(guān)的調(diào)查報告顯示，外國的商業(yè)銀行業(yè)務(wù)線基本都是全球一體化縱向趨勢，為了盡快適應(yīng)這種體系，他們的審貸官序列是采取縱向方式進行，根據(jù)產(chǎn)品以及客戶的需求為基本導(dǎo)向的銀行治理體系也是當(dāng)代的商業(yè)銀行發(fā)展的主要趨勢。與之配套形成的就是所有的銀行都具有一個獨立存在的風(fēng)險審貸官，主要負(fù)責(zé)獨立進行審貸工作，因此，為了進一步保證審查人員的獨立存在，就要摒棄分行業(yè)務(wù)考查，將分行審查人員從分行考查中獨立出去。他們直接接受銀行總部的統(tǒng)一考查管制，可以構(gòu)建信審高水準(zhǔn)人員序列以及與之配套的考查辦法，銀行分別根據(jù)這個方法為基礎(chǔ)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行薪資的發(fā)放以及管理審批人員等。

·The production scheduling system informs the malfunction management system and resource management system to file the malfunction and resources respectively.·Finally,the production scheduling system sends a completion notification to the integrated customer service system that further informs the customer about the malfunction recovery.