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        水果尺寸在線測(cè)量的智能柔性手爪設(shè)計(jì)

        2020-05-27 09:41:48季欽杰盧偉宋愛(ài)國(guó)王鵬丁宇王玲

        季欽杰 盧偉 宋愛(ài)國(guó) 王鵬 丁宇 王玲

        摘要:針對(duì)目前水果自動(dòng)化分級(jí)中手爪普遍缺少抓取力和水果尺寸信息而感知能力不足的問(wèn)題,設(shè)計(jì)一種具有抓取力和水果尺寸原位動(dòng)態(tài)檢測(cè)功能的柔性手爪。首先,設(shè)計(jì)一種基于單氣道多腔體結(jié)構(gòu)的智能柔性三指手爪,其中一根手指通過(guò)懸臂梁力傳感器豎直安裝于手掌上用于檢測(cè)力觸覺(jué),一根手指內(nèi)嵌柔性彎曲度傳感器用于檢測(cè)手指的彎曲度,另一根手指直接固裝于手掌上;設(shè)計(jì)力覺(jué)傳感器和彎曲度傳感器調(diào)理電路,并分別進(jìn)行標(biāo)定。其次,提出基于力覺(jué)傳感器和彎曲度傳感器融合的水果尺寸原位測(cè)量方法,推導(dǎo)基于手指彎曲度的水果尺寸測(cè)量公式,并通過(guò)有限元分析和試驗(yàn)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。有限元仿真結(jié)果表明,基于手指彎曲度的水果直徑測(cè)量誤差小于5%;通過(guò)分別對(duì)不同直徑(15 mm、25 mm、35 mm、45 mm)的3D打印圓柱和水果(杏子、冬棗、紅提和龍眼等)進(jìn)行抓取試驗(yàn),表明力覺(jué)信號(hào)第一次突變時(shí)刻(手指剛接觸到圓柱時(shí))的手指彎曲度可用于被抓物直徑的精確測(cè)量,誤差小于5%?;谌嵝允肿Φ牧τX(jué)傳感器和彎曲度傳感器信息融合進(jìn)行水果尺寸的在線快速測(cè)量是可行的。

        關(guān)鍵詞:力觸覺(jué);彎曲度;柔性手爪;原位測(cè)量;柔性機(jī)器人

        中圖分類號(hào):S225;TP241文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A文章編號(hào):1000-4440(2020)02-0455-08

        Abstract:For improving the shortcomings of the existed gripper without grasping force and fruit size detection in fruit grading system, an intelligent soft gripper which could measure grasping force and fruit size on-line dynamically was developed. Firstly, an intelligent flexible three-finger gripper based on the multi-cavity structure and single airway in each finger was developed. One finger was vertically installed on the palm through a cantilever beam force sensor to detect the tactile sense, one finger was embedded with a flexible curvature sensor to detect the curvature of the finger, and the other finger was installed on the palm directly. Moreover, the conditioning circuits of force sensor and bending sensor were developed and calibrated, respectively. Secondly, an in-situ measurement method of fruit size based on the fusion of the force sensor and curvature sensor was proposed. In addition, the fruit size measurement formula based on finger curvature was derived and verified by the finite element analysis experiment and fruit picking experiment. The simulation results of finite element showed that the fruit diameter detection error based on finger curvature was less than 5%. The grasping experiments on 3D-printed cylinders (15 mm, 25 mm, 35 mm, 45 mm) and different fruits(apricot, jujube, grape and longan, etc.) indicated that the finger curvature at the moment of the first mutation of force signal (the fingers just touched the object) could be used to accurately measure the diameter of the object with an error of less than 5%. Its feasible to quickly measure the fruit size online based on the fusion information of force sensor and bending sensor.

        Key words:haptic;curvature;soft gripper;in-situ measurement;soft robot

        水果含有豐富的維生素、膳食纖維等營(yíng)養(yǎng)物質(zhì),是健康飲食必不可少的食物[1],中國(guó)的水果產(chǎn)量連續(xù)蟬聯(lián)世界首位,但目前水果采摘仍然完全依靠人工,是水果生產(chǎn)中最耗時(shí)、費(fèi)力的環(huán)節(jié)[2]。為實(shí)現(xiàn)水果采摘機(jī)械化,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者做了大量研究,開發(fā)出如柑橘[3]、櫻桃[4]、番茄[5]、蘋果[6]等采摘機(jī)器人,但少有投入實(shí)際使用。主要問(wèn)題之一是缺少適用于農(nóng)業(yè)采摘的末端執(zhí)行器,吸盤等專用執(zhí)行器通用性差、靈活性低、抓取力小,而剛性的多指靈巧手則容易對(duì)質(zhì)地柔軟的果蔬造成損傷[7],此外,其昂貴的價(jià)格也阻礙了其在農(nóng)業(yè)中的應(yīng)用。

        相比剛性機(jī)械手,欠驅(qū)動(dòng)的柔性手爪在水果采摘方面具有天然優(yōu)勢(shì),驅(qū)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)單[8],有無(wú)限自由度[9-10],可根據(jù)水果形狀貼合變形[11-12],自適應(yīng)抓取[13-14]。如Toshiba靈巧手[15]、基于FPA的多指靈巧手[16]、仿生搬運(yùn)助手[17]、氣動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)柔性手[18-20]、纖維增強(qiáng)結(jié)構(gòu)柔性手[21-23]等。有些柔性手被應(yīng)用于柑橘[24]、草莓[25]等農(nóng)作物采摘。這些柔性手爪是通過(guò)特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)現(xiàn)抓取多樣性,但不能感知抓取狀態(tài)信息,因此缺少準(zhǔn)確的力度或位置控制。

        為實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性手爪感知信息,有學(xué)者將導(dǎo)電材料封入硅膠以實(shí)現(xiàn)電信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換,如將碳納米管復(fù)合材料[26]、eGaIn液態(tài)金屬[27]注入柔性手爪底面形成特殊圖案[28-29]以檢測(cè)柔性手爪彎曲時(shí)的應(yīng)力,但這種方法檢測(cè)信息單一而且實(shí)現(xiàn)過(guò)程相當(dāng)繁瑣,需要帶有凹槽的模具,然后從模具的一側(cè)注入材料而另一側(cè)抽真空。為降低柔性手爪的制作成本,提高信息感知多樣化,將現(xiàn)有的傳感器直接嵌入手爪內(nèi)部,如嵌入柔性傳感器利用先驗(yàn)知識(shí)檢測(cè)碰觸[30],基于觸覺(jué)反饋重建燈泡三維模型[31],以及嵌裝彎曲度和觸覺(jué)傳感器提高抓取的可靠性[32],利用TOF距離傳感器實(shí)現(xiàn)變速抓取[33],將嵌入霍爾傳感器的柔性驅(qū)動(dòng)器放置于特定磁場(chǎng)中以測(cè)量手指曲率[34] ,但多數(shù)傳感器為剛性結(jié)構(gòu),直接影響柔性手爪動(dòng)作。

        針對(duì)目前水果采摘和分揀中柔性手爪普遍缺少力度、位置信息感知的不足,本研究擬設(shè)計(jì)一種具有力觸覺(jué)和手指彎曲度信息動(dòng)態(tài)感知的柔性手爪,可用于水果采摘機(jī)器人和水果分級(jí)自動(dòng)化流水線。

        1試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與測(cè)量方法

        1.1柔性手爪設(shè)計(jì)

        1.1.1總體結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)柔性手爪如圖1所示,具有3根柔性手指,柔性手指一面為壁厚較薄的波紋管狀指節(jié),另一面為較厚的底板,充氣時(shí)波紋管狀指節(jié)形變遠(yuǎn)大于底板從而使得柔性手指向底板側(cè)彎曲。其中第一根手指通過(guò)豎直安裝的懸臂梁式力覺(jué)傳感器固裝于手掌上,第二根柔性手指內(nèi)嵌入彎曲度傳感器且直接固裝到手掌上,第3根手指直接固裝到手掌上,且3根手指圓周等距安裝。3根手指分別通過(guò)氣管連接到四通快接頭的其中一個(gè)接口,剩余一個(gè)接口作為總接口連接到外部驅(qū)動(dòng)氣源。

        1.1.2柔性手爪傳感設(shè)計(jì)柔性手指是利用3D打印的模具由硅膠(Smooth-On,Inc)澆注而成,制作一根嵌入彎曲度傳感器的柔性手指和2根不嵌入傳感器的柔性手指,3根柔性手指通過(guò)連接件固裝于手掌上組成三指柔性手爪。

        采用的彎曲度傳感器為Flex2.2,該傳感器自然狀態(tài)下電阻約為190 KΩ,當(dāng)向金屬側(cè)彎曲時(shí)電阻值隨彎曲程度增大而大幅度減小,最小值約為40 KΩ,靈敏度高;當(dāng)向另一側(cè)彎曲時(shí)電阻值小幅度增大,最大值約為220 KΩ,靈敏度較低,因此將彎曲度傳感器金屬側(cè)面向手指底板外部,非金屬側(cè)面向手爪內(nèi)部腔體嵌入手指底板內(nèi),這樣可準(zhǔn)確檢測(cè)柔性手爪抓取動(dòng)作時(shí)的彎曲度。該彎曲度傳感器柔軟可彎曲,對(duì)柔性手爪的動(dòng)作影響甚微。

        柔性手爪在氣壓驅(qū)動(dòng)下自身形變而產(chǎn)生抓取力,能自適應(yīng)貼合物體表面,因此柔性手爪在抓取物體時(shí)的受力點(diǎn)、受力方向、接觸面積等因素很大程度上由被抓物體的幾何形狀所決定,這直接導(dǎo)致柔性手爪的抓力難以準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量。目前常用的力傳感器有薄膜式和應(yīng)變片式2種,薄膜式力傳感器要求測(cè)量過(guò)程中薄膜不能彎曲、受力方向垂直于薄膜表面,否則會(huì)產(chǎn)生較大誤差甚至無(wú)法檢測(cè)力的大小,這不適用于產(chǎn)生大形變、抓力方向隨被抓物體形狀變化的柔性手爪。本研究選用的應(yīng)變片式力傳感器為懸臂梁結(jié)構(gòu),采用豎直安裝的方式通過(guò)檢測(cè)水平力來(lái)估測(cè)手爪抓力,測(cè)量結(jié)果基本不受傳感器和手爪自身重力的影響。

        1.2傳感器調(diào)理電路設(shè)計(jì)及標(biāo)定

        1.2.1彎曲度傳感器

        1.2.1.1彎曲度傳感器調(diào)理電路彎曲度傳感器R4與電阻R1、電阻R2、電位器R3組成單臂橋電路,調(diào)節(jié)電位器R3使得電橋初始輸出為零,隨后經(jīng)過(guò)兩級(jí)放大電路和T型濾波電路將彎曲度傳感器的阻值變化信號(hào)放大、濾波后輸出,如圖2所示。

        1.2.1.2彎曲度傳感器標(biāo)定如圖3所示,柔性手指豎直固定,定義指尖和指根的連線與豎直方向的夾角(α)為手指的彎曲度。

        如圖11所示,測(cè)量值(φc)與長(zhǎng)軸、短軸接近,誤差小于5%。其中誤差的一部分原因是由于水果為橢球體,3根柔性手指不一定能同時(shí)接觸到水果,即當(dāng)力觸覺(jué)指示手爪已經(jīng)接觸到物體時(shí),感知彎曲度信號(hào)的柔性手指可能還未接觸到水果。此外,進(jìn)一步縮短氣壓增進(jìn)的步長(zhǎng)也可以減小誤差。

        3結(jié)論

        為實(shí)現(xiàn)在柔性手爪抓取水果的過(guò)程中直接測(cè)量水果直徑,本研究設(shè)計(jì)一種可感知力觸覺(jué)、彎曲度的柔性手爪,并假設(shè)柔性手爪以圓弧狀彎曲、彎曲過(guò)程中底板長(zhǎng)度不變從而推算出水果直徑測(cè)量公式。由于柔性手爪為超彈性體,運(yùn)動(dòng)過(guò)程復(fù)雜,因此通過(guò)有限元仿真分析驗(yàn)證了假設(shè)的合理性。對(duì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)直徑的圓柱和不同直徑的水果進(jìn)行抓取試驗(yàn),結(jié)果表明,測(cè)量誤差小于5%,可滿足嬌嫩易損的類球形水果直徑的在線、快速、無(wú)損檢測(cè),具有較好的應(yīng)用前景。

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        (責(zé)任編輯:陳海霞)

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