陳敏
摘 要 目的:探討降鈣素原(PCT)和C反應蛋白(CRP)鑒別老年人急性膽道感染的價值。方法:選擇2015年1月至2018年3月就診的老年急性膽道感染患者63例,按疾病不同分為急性膽管炎組31例和急性膽囊炎組32例,同時取同期慢性膽囊炎患者30例作為對照組。檢測三組血清PCT、CRP濃度和白細胞計數(shù),觀察PCT、CRP檢測在鑒別急性膽囊炎與急性膽管炎中的價值。結果:急性膽管炎組的PCT、CRP濃度分別為(17.646±2.146)ng/L和(128.755±12.964)mg/L,急性膽囊炎組分別為(12.727±3.041)ng/L和(116.231±6.615)mg/L,對照組分別為(0.108±0.027)ng/L和(10.16±1.279)mg/L,組間差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。ROC曲線顯示,CRP靈敏度為0.77,特異度為0.78;PCT靈敏度為0.87,特異度為0.84;PCT檢測的靈敏度和特異度均優(yōu)于CRP(P<0.05)。結論:檢測血清PCT、CRP可以判別老年人急性膽道感染(疾病早期)的嚴重程度,而且PCT、CRP與老年人急性膽道感染嚴重程度呈正相關。
關鍵詞 急性膽道感染;急性膽管炎;降鈣素原;C反應蛋白
中圖分類號:R657.4 文獻標志碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2019)02-0013-03
The value of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in the differential diagnosis of acute biliary tract infection in the elderly
CHEN Min(Department of Clinical Laboratory of Community Health Service Center of Pengpuxincun of Jingan District, Shanghai 200435, China)
ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the value of procalcitonin(PCT) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in the differential diagnosis of acute biliary tract infection in the elderly. Methods: Sixty-three elderly patients with acute biliary tract infection at the clinic from January 2015 to March 2018 were selected and according to different diseases divided into an acute cholangitis group with 31 cases and an acute cholecystitis group with 32 ones. Meanwhile, 30 patients with chronic cholecystitis at the same time were taken as a control group. Serum levels of PCT, CRP concentration and white blood cell count were detected in the three groups to observe the value of PCT and CRP in the differential diagnosis between acute cholecystitis and acute cholangitis. Results: The PCT and CRP concentrations in the acute cholangitis group were (17.646±2.146) ng/L and (128.755±12.964) mg/ L, respectively, those in the acute cholecystitis group were (12.727±3.041) ng/L and (116.231±6.615) mg/L, respectively, those in the control group were (0.108±0.027) ng/L and (10.16±1.279) mg/L, respectively, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant(P<0.05). The ROC curve showed that the CRP sensitivity was 0.77 and the specificity was 0.78; PCT sensitivity was 0.87 and specificity was 0.84; the sensitivity and specificity of PCT detection were superior to CRP(P<0.05). Conclusion: Detection of serum PCT and CRP can determine the severity of acute biliary infection(early disease) in the elderly; moreover, PCT and CRP are positively correlated with the severity of acute biliary infection in the elderly.
KEY WORDS acute biliary infection; acute cholangitis; procalcitonin; C-reactive protein
急性膽管炎的發(fā)病機制是由于膽道系統(tǒng)部分或完全梗阻而引起的細菌感染[1-2],患者中70%可表現(xiàn)為右上腹痛、寒戰(zhàn)高熱、黃疸(Charcot三聯(lián)征)[3-4],具有起病急,進展快及臨床處理困難等特點,易發(fā)生感染性休克,甚至多器官功能衰竭,是良性膽道疾病死亡主要原因之一[5-6]。急性膽管炎與急性膽囊炎的急性期臨床癥狀十分相似,老年人因其特殊的生理特征,導致臨床上很難鑒別。因此,如何早期鑒別老年人急性膽管炎與急性膽囊炎、幫助臨床醫(yī)生掌握手術或內(nèi)鏡治療時機、減少并發(fā)癥以及病死率是目前的難題。本文通過測定急性膽道感染老年患者的血清降鈣素原(proealcitonin,PCT)和C反應蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)濃度,探討兩者在鑒別老年人群急性膽管炎與急性膽囊炎的臨床參考價值。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2015年1月至2018年3月在上海市靜安區(qū)彭浦新村街道社區(qū)衛(wèi)生服務中心就診的老年急性膽道感染患者63例,均經(jīng)B超、上腹部CT或磁共振胰膽管造影(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)確診。將患者分為急性膽管炎組和急性膽囊炎組。急性膽管炎組31例,其中男性14例,女性17例,年齡73~88歲,平均(81.2±4.2)歲;急性膽囊炎組32例,其中男性15例,女性17例,年齡69~89歲,平均(80.3±3.6)歲。選取同期慢性膽囊炎患者30例作為對照組,其中男性14例,女性16例,年齡69~90歲,平均(80.6±4.9)歲。排除肝硬化、急性病毒性肝炎、肝膿腫、慢性肝病、自身免疫性肝炎及同時伴有其他部位感染患者。
1.2 方法
所有患者就診后,在使用抗生素藥物治療前在無菌條件下采集靜脈血5 ml,置于血清分離管中,待血液凝固后用高速離心機離心,取血清進行PCT和CRP檢測。另用EDTA抗凝管采集靜脈血2 ml,充分混勻進行白細胞計數(shù)。PCT采用Roche Cobas E601型全自動電化學發(fā)光免疫分析儀(德國Roche Cobas公司)檢測(>0.5 ng/L為陽性);CRP采用PA-900型特定蛋白分析儀(普門公司)測定(≥10 mg/L為陽性);白細胞計數(shù)采用XS-800i五分類血液分析儀(Sysmex公司)檢測,所有操作均嚴格按說明書進行。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學處理
2 結果
2.1 三組血清PCT、CRP濃度和白細胞計數(shù)
急性膽管炎組的PCT、CRP濃度明顯高于急性膽囊炎組(P<0.05),但急性膽管炎組與急性膽囊炎組的白細胞計數(shù)差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。急性膽管炎組和急性膽囊炎組的PCT、CRP濃度和白細胞計數(shù)較對照組明顯升高(P<0.05)。見表1。
2.2 PCT和CRP檢測的敏感度和特異度
從圖1可見,PCT、CRP濃度和白細胞計數(shù)表現(xiàn)出最高的價值曲線下面積(AUC)為白細胞0.61(0.47~0.75),CRP 0.81(0.70~0.93),PCT 0.92(0.84~0.99)。與此同時,采用Youden指數(shù)法計算血清PCT和CRP的最佳診斷分界點分別為15.36和120.83,此時CRP靈敏度為0.77,特異度為0.78;PCT靈敏度為0.87,特異度為0.84。PCT檢測的靈敏度和特異度均優(yōu)于CRP(P<0.05)。
3 討論
急性膽管炎因膽道梗阻引起膽管內(nèi)細菌明顯增多和膽管內(nèi)壓力迅速增高,致使細菌或內(nèi)毒素回流至血液,最終導致膽道急性化膿性感染[7-9]。隨著中國年齡結構的變化,老齡化趨勢加重,從而老年人急性膽管炎的發(fā)病率也隨之逐年上升。由于老年人生理功能下降,中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)和周圍神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)傳遞功能減退,對痛覺反應比較遲鈍,大部分缺乏典型的臨床癥狀和體征。然而,臨床上老年人的急性膽管炎與急性膽囊炎的癥狀十分相似,容易造成漏診、誤診,因此早期確診以及有效解除膽道梗阻可以減少其并發(fā)癥,從而有效地降低死亡率,改善預后[2,10]。
PCT屬于無激素活性糖蛋白,可作為細菌感染的早期診斷標志物[11]。PCT作為新的炎癥指標已普遍用于各類細菌感染性疾病的臨床診斷與鑒別診斷。在沒有全身細菌或真菌感染的情況下,PCT通常是由甲狀腺C細胞產(chǎn)生的一種降鈣素前體蛋白[12],幾乎不釋放到人體血液中,其濃度在健康人群血液中很低,甚至檢測不到(<0.05 ng/ml)[11-13]。但在全身細菌感染情況下,全身各器官(肺、腎、肝、脂肪細胞和肌肉)大量合成并釋放PCT,血清PCT水平急劇增加[11-17],而且體內(nèi)血清PCT水平與機體感染的嚴重程度呈正相關[11,18]。美國傳染病學會和危重病學會聯(lián)合推薦PCT作為區(qū)別膿毒血癥和非感染性全身炎癥反應的輔助診斷標志物[19]。有研究表明PCT在病毒感染時表現(xiàn)為低水平[14]。
本研究表明,急性膽管炎組和急性膽囊炎組的PCT濃度明顯高于對照組(P<0.01),與文獻報道一致[2]。同時,急性膽管炎組PCT濃度明顯高于急性膽囊炎組(P<0.01),表明PCT可以明顯區(qū)分老年人急性膽管炎與急性膽囊炎,而且隨著疾病進展,PCT濃度與疾病的感染嚴重程度呈一定相關性[1-2,22]。目前,越來越多的研究表明,PCT是具有敏感性、特異性的全身性細菌或真菌感染標志物,在疾病發(fā)生的早期階段,其濃度升高速度快于其他生物標志物[11,15-17]。
CRP作為臨床上一種較為敏感的炎癥指標標志物,同時也是急性時相反應蛋白中重要的蛋白之一,健康人血清CRP濃度很低(正常值:0.068~8.2 mg/L),在感染、風濕性疾病、手術等炎性改變的不同病理狀態(tài)下,其血清濃度大多會升高。有研究報道,CRP在細菌感染時會明顯增高[20]。本研究數(shù)據(jù)表明,CRP在急性膽道感染時會明顯增高[2,21],與疾病的感染嚴重程度呈正相關。然而,通過敏感度和特異度比較,PCT指標均優(yōu)于CRP,說明血清PCT濃度檢測是區(qū)分老年人急性膽囊炎與急性膽管炎較好的指標。
白細胞是人體免疫防御的重要組成部分,健康人血液中的正常數(shù)值為(3.5~9.5)×109/L。當病原微生物入侵機體時,其會向機體的炎癥部位遷移、聚集,對病原體發(fā)揮吞噬、殺傷作用,尤其是當細菌侵入機體時,此時機體外周血白細胞數(shù)會明顯升高。本研究證實,當機體有細菌感染時,白細胞總數(shù)會顯著增高,但在臨床上無法判別是急性膽囊炎還是急性膽管炎。
綜上所述,測定血清PCT、CRP濃度可以判別老年人急性膽道感染(疾病早期)的嚴重程度,為進一步治療爭取寶貴時機。而且血清PCT、CRP濃度與老年人急性膽道感染嚴重程度呈正相關,對老年人急性膽管炎的病情評估及治療具有指導意義。同時,PCT檢測的敏感度和特異度均優(yōu)于CRP,是判別老年人急性膽道感染嚴重程度的較好指標。由于本研究為單中心的回顧性研究,收集病例數(shù)較少,還有待于今后多中心臨床研究進一步證實。
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