劉本龍
定語(yǔ)從句是高中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法中的一個(gè)重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目,也是每年高考英語(yǔ)考查的重點(diǎn)和熱點(diǎn),主要考查引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的選擇。下面,筆者對(duì)高考英語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)從句的考查熱點(diǎn)進(jìn)行盤點(diǎn),希望對(duì)同學(xué)們有所幫助。
一、定語(yǔ)從句考點(diǎn)分析
1.關(guān)系代詞that,which,who,whom,whose在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和定語(yǔ)的用法
【高考鏈接1】(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·66)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014______showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
【解析】此空填that或which。用that或which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)橄刃性~study是物,并且that或which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
【高考鏈接2】(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅱ· 69)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005-when the government started a soil-testing program ______ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers- and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.
【解析】此空填that或which。用that或which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)橄刃性~program是物,并且that或which在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
【高考鏈接3】(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅲ·64)But Sarah, ______ has taken part in shows along with top models wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.
【解析】此空填who。用who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)橄刃性~Sarah是人,并且who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
【高考鏈接4】(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅲ·47)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, ______ lived from roughly 551 to 497 B.C, influenced the development of chopsticks.
【解析】此空填who。用who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)橄刃性~Confucius是人,并且who在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
2.關(guān)系代詞as和which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代整個(gè)主句內(nèi)容的用法
【高考鏈接5】(2017全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·70)Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,? ______ is not good for the health.
【解析】此空填which。句意:“像其他任何東西一樣,很可能攝入過(guò)多的脂肪和鹽對(duì)健康沒(méi)有好處?!眞hich引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代前面的句子“it is possible to have too much of both”,并且which在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故填which。
【高考鏈接6】(2017浙江卷·57) Like many things in life, its an ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that theres enough room for improvement, ______means youll just keep getting better and better.
【解析】此空填which。which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指代前面的句子“theres enough room for improvement”,并在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。
3.關(guān)系副詞where,when,why在定語(yǔ)從句中作狀語(yǔ)的用法
【高考鏈接7】(2017浙江卷·64)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, ______ it remained until the carrots leafy top accidentally sprouted (生長(zhǎng)) through it.
【解析】此空填where。where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)樵谠摱ㄕZ(yǔ)從句中,句子的成分是完整的,并且先行詞為表示地點(diǎn)的the garden,故填關(guān)系副詞where。
【高考鏈接8】(2016全國(guó)卷Ⅰ·65)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid-1980s,
I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
【解析】此空填when。when引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,因?yàn)橄刃性~mid-1980s表示時(shí)間,在該非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,when作狀語(yǔ)。
4.“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法
【高考鏈接9】(2018全國(guó)卷Ⅰ改錯(cuò)題)They also had a small pond, which they raised fish.
【解析】在which前加in或?qū)hich改為where。在該定語(yǔ)從句中,句子成分完整,所以用where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。在該定語(yǔ)從句中,where作狀語(yǔ),用in which表示在魚(yú)塘里,所以in which可以代替where。
二、定語(yǔ)從句做題步驟
從定語(yǔ)從句的考點(diǎn)分析,我們可以得出定語(yǔ)從句的做題步驟。
1.劃出定語(yǔ)從句。簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō),就是從空格開(kāi)始,劃出一個(gè)完整的句子。
2.找出從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,判斷從句是否缺少主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ)等成分。如果從句缺少成分,則根據(jù)先行詞選擇相應(yīng)的關(guān)系代詞(which, that, who和whom,非限制性定語(yǔ)從句不能用that);如果從句不缺少成分,則根據(jù)先行詞選擇相應(yīng)的關(guān)系副詞。
三、定語(yǔ)從句注意事項(xiàng)
1.注意what和that的區(qū)別
what和that都可以在從句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ),但是what用在名詞性從句中,而that用在定語(yǔ)從句中。例如:
What surprised us is that he did it alone.使我們吃驚的是他一個(gè)人做了那項(xiàng)工作。(what在主語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ))
This is one of the buildings that were built last year. 這是去年建的樓房之一。(that在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),指物,不能省略。)
2.注意分隔式定語(yǔ)從句
定語(yǔ)從句一般緊跟在先行詞的后面,但有時(shí)候也會(huì)被插入語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)或其他定語(yǔ)等成分分隔。如果是隔開(kāi)了的定語(yǔ)從句,則要先根據(jù)句意找到先行詞,然后再進(jìn)行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。例如:
She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ______ allows them to communicate freely with each other. 句意:“他有為學(xué)生營(yíng)造一種良好的(課堂)氛圍的天賦,這種氛圍能夠令學(xué)生交流自如?!睆木湟饪芍?,先行詞是an atmosphere,而不是students,所以此空應(yīng)填which或that。
3.注意限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的區(qū)別
關(guān)系代詞that常用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,通常不用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。有些考生看到這是一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,指代物,又是作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),就填that。如果這是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,填that就錯(cuò)了。例如:
Clock is a kind of instrument, which can tell people time.句意:“鐘是一種能夠告訴人們時(shí)間的儀器?!边@個(gè)句子是一個(gè)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,只能用which引導(dǎo),不能用that。
4.注意定語(yǔ)從句的主謂一致性
關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)時(shí),從句的謂語(yǔ)必須與先行詞保持人稱和數(shù)的一致。例如:
Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. Tom是從美國(guó)回來(lái)的男孩們中的一個(gè)。
四、定語(yǔ)從句知識(shí)清單
清單一:關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞的用法
清單二:幾組關(guān)系詞的區(qū)別
1.that和which
(1)當(dāng)先行詞為all, something, anything, nothing, little, any, much, the one, everything, few, some, none, everyone, nobody等不定代詞時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that。例如:
There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.? 對(duì)他來(lái)說(shuō)似乎世界上沒(méi)有什么不可能的事。
(2)當(dāng)先行詞被all,any,no,little,much,only,few,one of,every,very,some,exactly,same等修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that。例如:
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.? 這正是我要買的詞典。
(3)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞或被形容詞最高級(jí)、序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系代詞用that。例如:
The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在倫敦他們參觀的第一個(gè)地方是大本鐘。
(4)which可以和介詞連用,而that不可以。例如:
The plane in which we flew to Canada was really comfortable. 我們?nèi)ゼ幽么笏俗娘w機(jī)實(shí)在很舒服。
(5)引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),關(guān)系代詞要用which,不能用that。例如:
The Peoples? Republic of China, which was founded in 1949, is becoming more and more powerful. 中華人民共和國(guó)是1949年成立的,現(xiàn)在正變得越來(lái)越強(qiáng)大。
2. as 和which
(1)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的謂語(yǔ)是實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí),只能用which作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。例如:
The sports meeting was put off, which astonished us. 運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)被推遲,這讓我們吃驚。
(2) as意為“正如……”,后面的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多是see,know, hear,watch,remember,discover,say,tell等。例如:
He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent. 他是個(gè)外國(guó)人,正像我從他的口音判斷的那樣。
(3)謂語(yǔ)是say,imagine,expect,report,know,show, point,mention,announce等動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)形式時(shí),只能用as作定語(yǔ)從句的主語(yǔ)。例如:
As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 眾所周知,月亮每個(gè)月繞行地球一次。
(4)as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句既可以放在主句前,也可以放在主句后;which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語(yǔ)從句通常放在主句之后。例如:
As we all know, eating too much sugar is bad for our health。眾所周知,吃太多糖對(duì)我們的身體不好。
清單三:省略關(guān)系詞的情況
1.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ),而介詞又在句末時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可省略,當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)也可省略。例如:
I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hong Kong. 我將不會(huì)忘記我在香港度過(guò)的那一天。
2.當(dāng)先行詞way后面的關(guān)系代詞為that或 in which時(shí),that或in which可省略。例如:
I did not like the way (that/in which) he talked to me. 我不喜歡他對(duì)我談話的方式。
清單四:在定語(yǔ)從句中,如果關(guān)系代詞代替了對(duì)應(yīng)的單詞,那么這個(gè)單詞在定語(yǔ)從句中就不能再出現(xiàn),否則就重復(fù)了。例如:
Ill never forget the day which/that I spent here.(the day不能再出現(xiàn)了)我將不會(huì)忘記在這里度過(guò)的那一天。
清單五:whose 表示所屬關(guān)系,與名詞連用,可指人或物
whose用來(lái)指物時(shí),可用“of +which”來(lái)替代,此時(shí)詞序?yàn)椤跋薅ㄔ~+名詞+of + which”或“of +which+限定詞+名詞”。例如:
He studies in a school whose buildings are beautiful. =He studies in a school the buildings of which are beautiful.=He studies in a school of which the buildings are beautiful. 他就讀的學(xué)校的樓房很漂亮。
清單六:當(dāng)先行詞是case,condition,situation,position,point,stage,occasion等名詞,表示情況、方面、處境時(shí),且引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作狀語(yǔ),則關(guān)系副詞用where。例如:
He had to face the condition where pressure was heavy.他必須面對(duì)壓力很大的情況。
清單七:“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的用法
1.當(dāng)先行詞表示時(shí)間,定語(yǔ)從句中缺少時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用關(guān)系副詞when引導(dǎo),此時(shí)也可選用表示時(shí)間的介詞+which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞when。例如:
I still remember the day when I came here. (when= on which)我還記得我到這里度過(guò)的那一天。
2.當(dāng)先行詞表示地點(diǎn),定語(yǔ)從句中缺少地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用關(guān)系副詞where引導(dǎo),此時(shí)也可選用表示地點(diǎn)的介詞+which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞where。例如:
This is the house where I lived last year. (where =in which)這就是我去年住過(guò)的房子。
3.當(dāng)先行詞為reason,定語(yǔ)從句中缺少表示原因的狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常用關(guān)系副詞why引導(dǎo),此時(shí)也可以用for which來(lái)代替關(guān)系副詞why。例如:
There are many reasons why people like traveling. (why=for which)人們喜歡旅游的原因有很多。