刊首語(yǔ)

馬可·波羅在游記中曾提到元朝版圖內(nèi)的契丹省，“各地都發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種黑石，它從山中掘出，其礦脈橫貫在山腰中，這種黑石像木炭一樣容易燃燒，但它的火焰比木材還要好，甚至可以整夜不滅?！?/p>

這種黑石應(yīng)該就是煤。在中國(guó)，人們?cè)缫阎獣悦嚎梢杂米魅剂?，不過在漫長(zhǎng)的農(nóng)耕時(shí)期，薪柴才是獲取能量最直接的原料。做飯取暖都需要木材，盡管植物可以再生，可是一旦用量超過了生長(zhǎng)量，木材的使用便不可持續(xù)。在游記中馬可·波羅還提到，“這個(gè)國(guó)家并不缺少樹木，不過因?yàn)榫用癖姸啵钜簿吞貏e多，而且燒個(gè)不停，再加上人們沐浴又勤，所以木材的數(shù)量供不應(yīng)求?！庇捎诹帜静粩啾贿^度砍伐，中國(guó)北方的森林一直在消減，甚至消失殆盡，造成了嚴(yán)重的水土流失和氣候變化等環(huán)境問題。

歐洲人開始用煤作為燃料已是13世紀(jì)以后，到了工業(yè)革命，煤完全取代木材，成為歐洲的主要燃料。人類能源消費(fèi)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生了根本的變化，許多城市的景觀也隨之改變了。

在印象派畫家們那些色彩絢麗的作品中，經(jīng)?？梢钥吹阶匀伙L(fēng)景與工業(yè)景觀共存的畫面。修拉名作“阿斯尼埃爾的沐浴”的遠(yuǎn)景就是成排的冒著濃煙的煙囪。在藝術(shù)發(fā)展史中，莫奈的“日出印象”更具有劃時(shí)代意義，畫面中海水倒映著天空與冉冉升起的太陽(yáng)，對(duì)岸的建筑、港口、吊車、船舶若隱若現(xiàn)，煙囪中冒出的煙霧與云彩交融在一起。畫面朦朦朧朧，所有景物是籠罩在晨霧中還是煙霾里？印象派畫家們是在反映社會(huì)現(xiàn)實(shí)，還是在歌頌工業(yè)革命的成就？

隨著工業(yè)革命的深入，城市中濃煙滾滾的煙囪越來越多，一些區(qū)域，煙囪超過了教堂的鐘塔，成為新的地標(biāo)。然而燃燒煤炭排放出的大量煙塵及各種有害氣體，卻帶來嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題。霧霾越來越重，古老的建筑被熏得改變了顏色，倫敦更是成為霧都，直到1952年冬季，倫敦爆發(fā)了嚴(yán)重的“倫敦霧霾”事件。

隨著各種環(huán)保法律的頒布、環(huán)境治理和工業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型的深入，到1980年代后，發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的環(huán)境質(zhì)量逐步得到改善，霧霾也逐漸消失。作為工業(yè)革命的標(biāo)志，大煙囪退出了歷史舞臺(tái)，成為一種被保護(hù)的工業(yè)遺存。

針對(duì)個(gè)人群體，區(qū)塊鏈相關(guān)的宣傳鋪天蓋地，個(gè)人群體首先應(yīng)該靜心學(xué)習(xí)該技術(shù)的實(shí)質(zhì)內(nèi)涵，提高自己的防范意識(shí)，懂得維護(hù)自己的合法權(quán)益，不能帶著盈利的心理盲目跟風(fēng)，防止落入非法分子設(shè)下的圈套。

然而人的生存離不開能源，放棄核能，能源的缺口又如何填補(bǔ)呢？利用風(fēng)能是一種途徑。20年以前，風(fēng)車似乎還只是荷蘭人的專利，但今天，德國(guó)的原野上到處是星羅棋布的風(fēng)車，風(fēng)力發(fā)電的推進(jìn)改變了德國(guó)的國(guó)土景觀面貌。

西方國(guó)家環(huán)境能夠得到改善的重要原因還在于新型能源逐步替代了煤炭，其中核能扮演著主要角色。1992年我曾參觀過位于德國(guó)卡爾斯魯厄附近的一個(gè)核能發(fā)電站，原野上那兩個(gè)高高聳立的冷卻塔令人過目難忘。這個(gè)核電站提供著德國(guó)巴登-符騰堡州大部分居民用電。參觀這個(gè)核電站還獲贈(zèng)了一個(gè)印有核電宣傳口號(hào)的環(huán)保袋，后來一段時(shí)間里，每當(dāng)我隨身攜帶這個(gè)袋子時(shí)，就會(huì)不時(shí)遭到路人的責(zé)備。德國(guó)人大多反對(duì)核電，他們的理由是“irren ist menschlich”（是人就會(huì)犯錯(cuò)），而核電站一旦有所閃失，后果將不堪設(shè)想。難怪2011年德國(guó)環(huán)境部宣布，將于 2022 年前關(guān)閉境內(nèi)所有的核電站。

With the promulgation of various environmental laws and regulations, the propulsion of environmental governance and industrial transformation, the quality of the environment of the developed countries gradually improved after the 1980s, haze has gradually vanished. Big chimneys, the symbol of the industrial revolution, eventually quit the stage of history, and were protected as an industrial heritage.

從形式上看，撞擊極限方程主要分為兩種：1)單層板結(jié)構(gòu)的撞擊極限方程是單一的解析函數(shù)表達(dá)式；2)各類有緩沖屏、填充層防護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的撞擊極限方程均為三段式，即按彈丸撞擊速度從低到高依次劃分為彈道區(qū)、破碎區(qū)、熔化/汽化區(qū)三個(gè)區(qū)域。雙層板結(jié)構(gòu)(Whipple防護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu))撞擊極限方程是基礎(chǔ)和原型。各類有緩沖屏及填充層防護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)的撞擊極限方程均是在原型的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)防護(hù)結(jié)構(gòu)幾何參數(shù)、材料參數(shù)(包括彈丸)、撞擊參數(shù)進(jìn)行修正得到的。

人類獲取能源的手段越來越多，每種新能源的產(chǎn)生都會(huì)帶來景觀的改變。每種新能源的利用都有正反兩面，解決了舊矛盾，往往又制造出新問題，人類社會(huì)就是在這種變革中發(fā)展的。今天,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)正在迅速改變著我們的社會(huì)，也在迅速改變著能源的管理、調(diào)配和使用方式，盡管互聯(lián)網(wǎng)不是傳統(tǒng)意義上的能源。在這樣的背景下，景觀又會(huì)隨之發(fā)生怎樣的變革呢？

生物質(zhì)燃料是目前的一個(gè)研究熱點(diǎn)，從玉米中可以提取乙醇，從油棕中可以提取生物柴油，技術(shù)可行，這些植物可再生，能源也清潔。但是增加的玉米或油棕種植面積，往往需要砍伐森林或是填埋濕地才能獲得的，這也不僅僅是景觀改變的問題，更多的是對(duì)生態(tài)的破壞。

It is after the 13th century that Europeans began to use coal as fuel. Up to the industrial revolution, coal completely replaced the wood to be the main fuel in Europe. The structure of human energy consumption has undergone fundamental changes, there with the landscape of cities transformed.

除了風(fēng)能外，太陽(yáng)能是另一種再生能源，更是真正意義上清潔能源，且取之不盡、用之不竭。目前太陽(yáng)能光電板多立在建筑的屋頂上，對(duì)景觀的影響似乎并不大。但是由于受天氣影響大、光電轉(zhuǎn)換效率低，研究表明，假如要為250萬(wàn)個(gè)家庭提供60%的太陽(yáng)能電力，美國(guó)國(guó)土的10%-20%將被太陽(yáng)能電池板覆蓋，這將是對(duì)國(guó)土景觀的根本改變，而帶來的一系列環(huán)境問題則更加復(fù)雜。

不同灌注液量在經(jīng)皮腎鏡術(shù)中對(duì)容量變異指數(shù)的影響……廖 飛，陳靜宜，朱雁鴻，陳粵麗，李永興，黃 靖（43）

在我國(guó)的人均淡水資源僅占據(jù)世界人均的四分之一，據(jù)相關(guān)調(diào)查研究，預(yù)計(jì)2025年，世界中的缺水人口數(shù)量將會(huì)達(dá)到30億[2]，40個(gè)國(guó)家或地區(qū)會(huì)出現(xiàn)淡水嚴(yán)重供給不足的情況。人類的可利用淡水資源占據(jù)地球水資源的比例可見圖1.由于水污染與污染肆意排放的問題日益加重，對(duì)人們的生活與生態(tài)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生的惡劣影響。因此利用污水處理與回收技術(shù)，才能加強(qiáng)生態(tài)城市的建設(shè)水平。從目前情況來看，可以利用集中處理與分散處理兩種技術(shù)，將兩種技術(shù)互相結(jié)合，可以逐步形成點(diǎn)、面、區(qū)域三個(gè)層次的中水回收循環(huán)利用系統(tǒng)，從而加強(qiáng)城市中的水資源利用效率，避免水資源浪費(fèi)。

每一種新能源的出現(xiàn)都會(huì)改變以往的景觀，也往往會(huì)引發(fā)人們的關(guān)注甚至贊美，然而隨著時(shí)代的發(fā)展，這種新能源的利用又往往會(huì)將人類帶入窘境。印象派畫家們贊美的煙囪后來污染著我們的大地，今天在世界各地蔓延的風(fēng)車又會(huì)給人類帶來怎樣的后果？煙臺(tái)的設(shè)計(jì)師朋友告訴我，膠東半島上風(fēng)車帶來的問題已顯現(xiàn)出來，首先是那些為了運(yùn)送風(fēng)車而新修的通往每一個(gè)山頭的道路，破壞了原有的植被和地貌，造成了相當(dāng)大的水土流失，更嚴(yán)重的是凡是有風(fēng)車的地方都沒有鳥，原來?xiàng)⒃谏缴系纳咭蔡与x家園爬進(jìn)了村莊。

PREFACE

Marco Polo have mentioned Cathay Province where been in the Yuan Dynasty map in his travel notes, " all over the Cathay there is one type of black stone existing in beds in the mountains, which they dig out burns like firewood. If you supply the fi re with them at night, and see that they are well kindled, you will see them still alight in the morning."

This black stone should be the coal. In China, people have long been aware of coal can be used as fuel, but in the long period of farming, wood is the most direct raw material accessing to energy, both for cooking and heating. Although plant can be regenerated, once the amount of use exceeded the woods’ increment, it will no longer be unsustainable. In the travel notes, Marco Polo also said that "it is true that they have plenty of wood…with the vast number of people and the number of baths and meals they maintain, the wood would not suffice for the purpose." As woods continually to be overcut, forests in northern China have been diminished or even depleted, causing various environmental problems such as soil erosion and climate change.

制造分廠現(xiàn)有淬火冷卻設(shè)備共有2個(gè)，分別是1#立噴、2#立噴，對(duì)于管板鍛件，2個(gè)淬火冷卻設(shè)備的的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)如下：

In those colorful works of impressionist painters, the juxtaposition of natural and industrial landscape can be frequently seen. Row of smoke-filled chimneys acted as the distant view are in the painting Bathers at Asnieres by Seurat. In the history of art, Sunrise Impression by Monet is of epoch-making signif i cance, in which the sky and the rising sun is ref l ected in the sea water, while the thither buildings, port, cranes, ships are looming with chimney smoke and clouds. The scene is dim, the scenery is shrouded in the morning mist or smoke haze? Impressionist painters are ref l ecting the social reality or celebrating the achievements of the industrial revolution?

Along with the progress of industrial revolution, more and more chimneys appear in the city with smoke billowing, even overstepping the amount of bell towers in churches in some area as the new landmark. However, the discharge of vast coal dust and a variety of harmful gases bring serious environmental problems. The ancient building was smoked into the color of haze, London turns into the city of fog, and subsequently the incident of "London haze" broke out in 1952.

風(fēng)車又豈止僅在德國(guó)蔓延。在中國(guó)，高速公路上不時(shí)能看到運(yùn)送風(fēng)車的巨型卡車。我有兩年未去膠東半島的北部，不久前再次到那里整個(gè)視覺感受都改變了，因?yàn)榍鹆晟系教幎际蔷薮蟮娘L(fēng)車。在張北的草原天路，號(hào)稱“中國(guó)的66號(hào)公路”上，隨處可見高聳的風(fēng)車與廣褒延展的原野所形成的壯觀風(fēng)景。

An important issue account for the improvement of the environment in the West is the gradual replacement of coal with new energy sources, in which nuclear energy plays a signif i cant role. I once visited the nuclear power station near Karlsruhe of Germany in 1992, the scene that cooling towers erecting in the wilderness is still impressive to me till now. This nuclear power station provides most of the residential electricity consumption of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Are usable bag is received with slogan about nuclear power printed on when visiting the nuclear power station. A period of time after that, I would be criticized by the passers-by from time to time whenever carrying it alongside. Most of the Germans against nuclear power, their reason is "irren ist menschlich" (which means people will make mistakes), yet once mishap occur in nuclear power station, it would turn out to be a catastrophe. No wonder the German Ministry of Environment announced in 2011 that all nuclear power station would be closed by 2022.

從學(xué)習(xí)興趣來看，絕大多數(shù)學(xué)生認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)這門課后對(duì)學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的興趣有所提升。絕大多數(shù)的學(xué)生認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)這門課會(huì)促進(jìn)課后的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)，學(xué)生更加傾向于通過觀看英語(yǔ)電影和學(xué)唱英文歌曲來學(xué)習(xí)。

However, people can’t survive without energy, how would the energy gap be fi lled after giving up nuclear energy. Wind energy dose make a way out. Windmills seemed to be a patent of Dutch twenty years ago, but it is dotted over Germany's wilderness today, in which way the wind power to promote the change of the German landscape.

Windmills are far from spreading only in Germany. Giant trucks transporting windmillsrushing on the highway can be frequently seen in China. I haven’t been to the north of the Jiaodong Peninsula for two years, and once again I got there lately and found that the whole look has changed, huge windmills are interspersed everywhere on the hills. In Prairie Sky Road in Zhangbei, known as the "Highway 66 in China", the spectacular landscape formed with towering windmills and extensive prairie can be widely seen.

(1)建立地下水水質(zhì)評(píng)價(jià)矩陣：設(shè)地下水水質(zhì)待評(píng)價(jià)樣本有x件，則有M1，M2,…Mi(i=1,2，…，x)，評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)有y種，則指標(biāo)數(shù)列為N1，N2,…Nj(j=1,2，…，y),設(shè)樣本Mi在評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)Nj下的檢測(cè)值為Pij，將地下水質(zhì)量的5種分類標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)應(yīng)的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)也作為實(shí)測(cè)樣本，由此建立了x+5個(gè)樣本與y種評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)構(gòu)成的初始評(píng)價(jià)矩陣(Pij)(x+5)×y。

The emergence of every new energy will brings about the transition of landscape, along with people's attention and even praise. But as the years wore on, the new energy will bring human society into a dilemmain most cases. The chimney that impressionist painters praised contaminated our land afterwards, what consequences the windmill that spreading around the world will bring about? A friend and designer from Yantai told me that the windmill on the Jiaodong peninsula has emerged drawbacks. Initially the new roads heading for each mountain to transport windmills are vastly constructed, destroying the original vegetation and landforms, resulting in considerable soil erosion. More seriously, wherever windmill exist, birds disappear, the snakes used to habitat in the mountains also fl ed their homes and climbed into the village.

In addition to wind energy, the solar energy is another renewable, clean and inexhaustible one. The solar photovoltaic panels are usually installed on the roof of the buildings at present, the impact on the landscape does not seem to be severe. However, due to its sensitivity to weather and poor conversion efficiency, the study shows that 10%-20% of US land would be covered with solar panels, providing2.5 million households with 60% of the solar power, which would turn out to be a fundamental change of the local landscape, and more complex environmental problems would occur.

Biomass fuel is a hotspot at present, ethyl alcohol can be extracted from corn, biodiesel can be extracted from oil palm, the technology is feasible, and these plants are renewable, generated energy is as well clean. Nevertheless, the increase of cultivated area for corn or oil palm will inevitably obtained by deforestation or wetlands fi lling. This is not merely the issue of landscape transition, but the destruction of ecosystem.

More and more means accessing to energy is available, each new energy resource will bring about changes in the landscape. With both pros and cons exist, new energy often create new problems while solving the old, that’s the way human society revolves. Today, the Internet is rapidly transforming our society, as well the management, deployment and utilization of energy, although the Internet is not energy traditionally. In this context, what changes of landscape will be followed by?

November 18, 2016 WANG Xiang-rong