齊永波

澳大利亞教育學者David Boud認為：學生應(yīng)該有機會在整個學習過程中觀察他們的同伴，而且他們觀察到的細節(jié)往往比教師所看到的更多（Boud， 1986）。因此同伴評價可以成為教師評價的一個有力的補充。有效的同伴評價需要借助合理的評價標準，根據(jù)這個評價標準給出一定的評分。一個同伴的評分能激發(fā)起更強的參與性和責任感，建立起一個清晰的評價結(jié)構(gòu)，提高學習技能，提供更多的反饋（Weaver and Cotrell， 1986）。筆者在基礎(chǔ)寫作的教學過程中嘗試采用同伴評價的方式，收到了較好的效果。

案例：2011年普通高等學校招生全國統(tǒng)一考試 （廣東卷）英語，基礎(chǔ)寫作：以下是一本圖書的基本信息及相關(guān)報道。⑴書名：Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother

⑵作者：Amy Chua，美籍華人，耶魯？鄢大學教授

⑶出版時間：2010年

⑷內(nèi)容：作者用中國傳統(tǒng)方式教育兩個女兒的故事

⑸效應(yīng)：引發(fā)中美教育方式孰優(yōu)孰劣的討論

相關(guān)報道：

⑴中文版：2011年初開始在中國銷售

⑵意外反應(yīng)：多數(shù)中國媽媽不贊同作者的做法

⑶最新消息：17歲的大女兒已被哈佛？鄢？鄢和耶魯錄取

？鄢耶魯：Yale; ?？鄢？鄢哈佛：Harvard

[寫作內(nèi)容]根據(jù)以上信息寫一篇圖書介紹，內(nèi)容包括：

1. 圖書的基本信息;

2. 圖書的相關(guān)報道。

[寫作要求]只能用5個句子表達全部內(nèi)容。

[評分標準]句子結(jié)構(gòu)準確，信息內(nèi)容完整，篇章連貫。

第一步：提取信息（用中文將題中信息分為8-10句）

請看下面兩位同學對題中信息的提取。（表1、表2）

同伴評價：兩位同學對文中信息提取的內(nèi)容大致相同，但是通過對比不難發(fā)現(xiàn)，S2的信息比S1的更詳細、具體、明了。S2確定了每一個句子的主語和謂語，巧妙的化解了冒號在文中的干擾作用，理順了文中的信息，為接下來的信息表達做好了堅實的鋪墊。我要求學生評價同伴的信息提取，并完成表3。

第二步：表達信息（按表2提取的信息）

信息1：書名是 “Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”。

S1：The name of the book is“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”.

S2：The book title is“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”.

S3：The book is entitled“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”.

信息2、3、4：書的作者是Amy Chua，美籍華人，耶魯大學教授。

S1：The writer is Amy Chua， and he is a Chinese American， and he is a professor from Yale University.

S2：Its author is Amy Chua， a Chinese American and professor of Yale University.

S3：It was written by Amy Chua， a Chinese American and professor of Yale University.

信息5：書的出版時間是2010年。

S1：The book was published in 2010.

S2：It was in 2010 that the book was published.

信息6：這本書講述了作者用中國傳統(tǒng)方式教育兩個女兒的故事。

S1：The book is about how the writer educated her two daughters in the traditional Chinese way.

S2：The book tells stories that is how the writer educated her two daughters in the traditional Chinese way.

信息7：書的出版引發(fā)了大家對中美教育方式孰優(yōu)孰劣的討論。

S1：The books publication has caused about a heated debate as to whether the traditional Chinese way of educating is better than the American way.

S2：The books publication has a heated debate and it is about whether the traditional Chinese way of educating is better than the American way.

S3：The books publication has a heated discussion that is about whether the traditional Chinese way of educating is better than the American way.

信息8：該書的中文版于2011年初開始在中國銷售。

S1：The Chinese translation of the book began to sell in China early in 2011.

S2：The Chinese version of the book can be bought in China early in 2011.

信息9：意外反應(yīng)是多數(shù)中國媽媽不贊同作者的做法。

S1：The surprising reflection of the book is that most Chinese mothers do not agree to Amy Chua's way of education.

S2：Unexpectedly， most Chinese are against Amy Chua's way of education.

S3：It is unexpected that most Chinese are against Amy Chua's way of education.

信息10：最新消息是17歲的大女兒已被哈佛和耶魯大學錄取。

S1：The latest news is coming that her 17-year-old elder daughter has been accepted by both Harvard and Yale.

S2：The latest news is that her 17-year-old elder daughter has been accepted by both Harvard and Yale.

S3：A recent report says that her 17-year-old elder daughter has been accepted by both Harvard and Yale.

通過一句多譯的練習和互評，最終確定使用哪個句型來表達信息。學生應(yīng)根據(jù)自身的英語能力盡量使用復(fù)雜的句式和高級詞匯或靈活運用從句來拿高分。在信息表達的時候，Student2和Student3兩位同學的表達明顯比Student1同學的句子更高級、更豐富。接下來，評價同伴的信息表達，并完成表4。

第三步：整合信息（按表2提取的信息，整合成5句話）

第1句：信息1+信息2、3、4

S1：The book title is“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”and its author is Amy Chua， a Chinese American and professor of Yale University.

S2：Written by Amy Chua， a Chinese American and professor of Yale University， the book title is“Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”.

S3：A book entitled “Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mother”was written by Amy Chua，a Chinese American and professor of Yale University.

第2句：信息5+信息6

S1：The book was published in 2010 and is about how the writer educated her two daughters in the traditional Chinese way.

S2：Published in 2010， the book tells stories about how the writer educated her two daughters in the traditional Chinese way.

第3句：信息7

第4句：信息8+信息9

S1：The Chinese translation of the book began to sell in China early in 2011. However， the surprising reflection of the book is that most Chinese mothers do not agree to Amy Chua's way of education.

S2：The Chinese version of the book can be bought in China early in 2011.But unexpectedly， most Chinese are against Amy Chua's way of education.

S3：The Chinese version of the book began to sell in China early in 2011.But it is unexpected that most Chinese are against Amy Chua's way of education.

第5句：信息10

最后，將五句話連句成篇。（略）

同伴評價：了解基礎(chǔ)寫作對連貫部分的評分細則。在合并句子的時候，如何找到合并的信息點最為關(guān)鍵。語言方面，重點評價句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)是否正確、用詞是否規(guī)范、同伴是否使用了合適的句子結(jié)構(gòu)。在連貫方面，重點評判5個句子是否構(gòu)成一篇連貫的短文。Student 2和Student 3在整合信息的時候，巧妙使用了連接詞、非謂語動詞和復(fù)合句中的從句，從而使得整個句子讀起來更上檔次、更高級。接下來評價同伴的寫作，并完成表5。

通過多次的教學反饋，此種基礎(chǔ)寫作逐步推進法幫助了很多平時一到寫作就手忙腳亂的學生解決了困難，理清了思路。同時，在作文講評方面，把同伴互評融入到常規(guī)的全批、面批之中，采用了量化評價表，加強了學生自主消化的過程，培養(yǎng)了學生的互助學習能力，使得教師在操作上也更有實戰(zhàn)性。

責任編輯 ? ?魏文琦